Entre o ensino de filosofia e a aprendizagem filosófica: a experiência do pensar a partir de Gilles Deleuze
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Data
2016-03-29
Autores
Rosa, Sara Morais da [UNESP]
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
O trato concedido à Filosofia, como disciplina oficial do currículo escolar brasileiro, foi desde o seu princípio tangenciado por ambivalências e inconstâncias que forjaram para o seu ensino um horizonte controverso. Ainda que as diretrizes e normativas educacionais acerca do ensino da filosofia aventassem para sua potência em romper com os dispositivos de transmissão e aquisição mecânica de conteúdos, o modelo institucionalizado deste ensino permanece, ainda hoje, refém de uma dimensão reprodutivista de caráter explicador. Este paradigma pouco contestado, a saber, a lógica da explicação, é responsável por instaurar no ensino um dualismo cego, a partir do qual as modulações do aprendizado do estudante devem necessariamente estar sujeitas à manifestação das explicações e representações de um professor. Desse modo, a função do ensino deixou de se projetar em direção à promoção de uma experiência filosófica, assumindo a tarefa de conformar o pensamento a uma ortodoxia filosófica, restringindo a potência do filosofar a uma imagem distorcida do próprio pensar. Portanto, ainda que propuséssemos uma perspectiva do aprender como emprego livre e pessoal da razão, conforme aventou Kant, esta não seria capaz de prescindir da submissão do pensamento aos estados da representação, afinal, na gênese deste procedimento da razão consiste também a marca indelével de uma imagem dogmática do pensar que subsidia as diversas dimensões de sua manifestação. A partir desta imagem dogmática, que se erigiu segundo ideias gerais do senso comum e do bom senso, o pensar fora entendido pelo viés recognição, como processo que engendra a constituição de modelos e conformações, segundo a ordem da representação, sem jamais diferenciar-se na experimentação do devir. À vista disso, objetivamos investigar nesta dissertação em que medida nos é possível, ainda, promover, no contexto de um ensino representacional, uma aprendizagem filosófica que se abra à experimentação do pensar, como criação de novos sentidos. Para tanto, buscaremos elucidar em que consiste esta experiência do pensar, à luz do uso disjuntivo das faculdades, para, em seguida, compreender em que sentido esta experiência se faz possível com vistas ao aprender a filosofar. A hipótese que atravessa este trabalho articula-se em torno da obra deleuziana Proust e o Signos, a partir da qual defendemos a possibilidade de encontrar, na relação do aprendiz com o signo, uma nova perspectiva sobre a aprendizagem filosófica como lugar de emergência do pensar.
The treatment granted to Philosophy as an official subject of Brazilian school curriculum has always been characterized by ambivalences and inconsistencies that have forged a controversial horizon to its teaching. Although the guidelines and educational regulations for the Philosophy teaching have suggested its potential to break the transmission and mechanical acquisition of contents, its institutionalized model still remains trapped in a reproductivist dimension of an explainer character. This paradigm, very little contested and known as logic of explanation, is responsible for establishing a noxious dualism in teaching, from which the student’s learning must necessarily be subject to the manifestation of the teacher’s explanations and representations. Thus, the role of teaching has stopped projecting itself towards the promotion of a philosophical experience. It assumed the task of shaping the student’s thought to a philosophical orthodoxy, restricting the potential of philosophizing to a distorted image of thinking itself. Therefore, even though we proposed a perspective of learning as a free and personal use of reason, as Kant has suggested, it would not be able to waive the submission of thought to the states of representation. After all, the indelible mark of a dogmatic image of thought that supports the various dimensions of its manifestation consists in the genesis of this procedure of reason. From this dogmatic image, which has been consolidated based on general ideas, common sense and good sense, the thinking has been understood by the recognition process, which engenders the establishment of models and conformations, according to an order of representation, without ever differing itself in an experimentation of becoming. Considering this, we aim to investigate in this thesis to what extent it is still possible to promote, in the context of a representational teaching, a philosophical learning that is open to the experimentation of thinking as creating new senses. In order to do that, we will seek to elucidate in what consists the experience of thinking from the disjunctive use of faculties, to then understand how this experience is possible aiming at learning how to philosophize. The hypothesis that permeates this research study is built around Deleuze’s work, Proust and Signs, from which we defend the possibility of finding, in the learner's relationship with the sign, a new perspective on the philosophical learning as a place of emergence of thinking.
The treatment granted to Philosophy as an official subject of Brazilian school curriculum has always been characterized by ambivalences and inconsistencies that have forged a controversial horizon to its teaching. Although the guidelines and educational regulations for the Philosophy teaching have suggested its potential to break the transmission and mechanical acquisition of contents, its institutionalized model still remains trapped in a reproductivist dimension of an explainer character. This paradigm, very little contested and known as logic of explanation, is responsible for establishing a noxious dualism in teaching, from which the student’s learning must necessarily be subject to the manifestation of the teacher’s explanations and representations. Thus, the role of teaching has stopped projecting itself towards the promotion of a philosophical experience. It assumed the task of shaping the student’s thought to a philosophical orthodoxy, restricting the potential of philosophizing to a distorted image of thinking itself. Therefore, even though we proposed a perspective of learning as a free and personal use of reason, as Kant has suggested, it would not be able to waive the submission of thought to the states of representation. After all, the indelible mark of a dogmatic image of thought that supports the various dimensions of its manifestation consists in the genesis of this procedure of reason. From this dogmatic image, which has been consolidated based on general ideas, common sense and good sense, the thinking has been understood by the recognition process, which engenders the establishment of models and conformations, according to an order of representation, without ever differing itself in an experimentation of becoming. Considering this, we aim to investigate in this thesis to what extent it is still possible to promote, in the context of a representational teaching, a philosophical learning that is open to the experimentation of thinking as creating new senses. In order to do that, we will seek to elucidate in what consists the experience of thinking from the disjunctive use of faculties, to then understand how this experience is possible aiming at learning how to philosophize. The hypothesis that permeates this research study is built around Deleuze’s work, Proust and Signs, from which we defend the possibility of finding, in the learner's relationship with the sign, a new perspective on the philosophical learning as a place of emergence of thinking.
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Ensino de Filosofia, Imagem dogmática do pensamento, Aprendizagem filosófica, Experiência de pensamento, Philosophy teaching, Dogmatic image of thought, Philosophical learning, Experience of thought