This study assessed whether the effect of voice on procedural fairness is due to the opportunity to voice or to actual voice behavior. In addition, it examined several possible antecedents of voice behavior. In a laboratory experiment, 100 undergraduates completed measures of personality, self-evaluation, perceived voice instrumentality and opportunity to voice. Opportunity for voice, goal setting, and voice instrumentality were manipulated. The results show that opportunity to voice, but not voice behavior, predicted fairness perceptions. Further, goal setting, perceived instrumentality, conscientiousness, and voice self-efficacy significantly predicted voice behavior. Significant interactions between locus of control and voice instrumentality and goal setting and perceived instrumentality on voice behavior were detected. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.