State of the climate in 2015

Multitudinario:468

doi:10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

Navegar

Documento Últimos Documentos Autor FCEN - Año Autor FCEN - Revista Año - Revista Revista - Año SubjectPcEn Colores Type

Colección

Datos Estadísticas

Artículo

Multitudinario:468 "State of the climate in 2015" (2016) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97(8):S1-S275

https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00030007_v97_n8_pS1_Multitudinario

Estamos trabajando para incorporar este artículo al repositorio

Consulte el artículo en la página del editor

Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

In 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system. Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term upward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second consecutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceeding the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high. Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual temperatures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the highest annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satellite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean during August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ranged from ~0°C to 8°C above average. As a consequence of sea ice retreat and warming oceans, vast walrus herds in the Pacific Arctic are hauling out on land rather than on sea ice, raising concern about the energetics of females and young animals. Increasing temperatures in the Barents Sea are linked to a community-wide shift in fish populations: boreal communities are now farther north, and long-standing Arctic species have been almost pushed out of the area. Above average sea surface temperatures are not confined to the Arctic. Sea surface temperature for 2015 was record high at the global scale; however, the North Atlantic southeast of Greenland remained colder than average and colder than 2014. Global annual ocean heat content and mean sea level also reached new record highs. The Greenland Ice Sheet, with the capacity to contribute ~7 m to sea level rise, experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface for the first time since the record melt of 2012. Other aspects of the cryosphere were remarkable. Alpine glacier retreat continued, and preliminary data indicate that 2015 is the 36th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, late-spring snow cover extent continued its trend of decline, with June the second lowest in the 49-year satellite record. Below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, increasing by up to 0.66°C decade–1 since 2000. In the Antarctic, surface pressure and temperatures were lower than the 1981–2010 average for most of the year, consistent with the primarily positive southern annular mode, which saw a record high index value of +4.92 in February. Antarctic sea ice extent and area had large intra-annual variability, with a shift from record high levels in May to record low levels in August. Springtime ozone depletion resulted in one of the largest and most persistent Antarctic ozone holes observed since the 1990s. Closer to the equator, 101 named tropical storms were observed in 2015, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The eastern/central Pacific had 26 named storms, the most since 1992. The western north Pacific and north and south Indian Ocean basins also saw high activity. Globally, eight tropical cyclones reached the Saffir–Simpson Category 5 intensity level. Overlaying a general increase in the hydrologic cycle, the strong El Niño enhanced precipitation variability around the world. An above-normal rainy season led to major floods in Paraguay, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. In May, the United States recorded its all-time wettest month in its 121-year national record. Denmark and Norway reported their second and third wettest year on record, respectively, but globally soil moisture was below average, terrestrial groundwater storage was the lowest in the 14-year record, and areas in “severe” drought rose from 8% in 2014 to 14% in 2015. Drought conditions prevailed across many Caribbean island nations, Colombia, Venezuela, and northeast Brazil for most of the year. Several South Pacific countries also experienced drought. Lack of rainfall across Ethiopia led to its worst drought in decades and affected millions of people, while prolonged drought in South Africa severely affected agricultural production. Indian summer monsoon rainfall was just 86% of average. Extremely dry conditions in Indonesia resulted in intense and widespread fires during August–November that produced abundant carbonaceous aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone. Overall, emissions from tropical Asian biomass burning in 2015 were almost three times the 2001–14 average. © 2015 by the artist.

Registro:

Documento:	Artículo
Título:	State of the climate in 2015
Autor:	Multitudinario:468
Filiación:	Trinidad & Tobago Meteorological Service, Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago CIMSS, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI, United States NOAA/NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, United States Earth System Sciences Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Section for Glaciers, Ice and Snow, Oslo, Norway Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Chile NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Perú, Lima, Peru Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Seychelles National Meteorological Services, Pointe Larue, Mahé, Seychelles European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, CA, United States European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Departamento Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorologia, Montevideo, Uruguay NOAA/NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, United States Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Global Modelling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS/UPMC, Paris, France Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, MD, United States WMO Atmospheric Environment Research Division, Geneva, Switzerland Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, and NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Arctic Geology Department, UNIS-The University Centre in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Australia School of Geography, Environment, and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand CPTEC/INPE Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Department of Geography, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada German Aerospace Center (DLR) Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Marine Institute, Newport, Ireland Transmissivity, and VanderSat, Noordwijk, Netherlands Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), DeBilt, Netherlands King County Water and Land Resources Division, Seattle, WA, United States University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Turkey Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service, St. John’s, Antigua and Barbuda University of Illinois at Urbana– Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, MD, United States NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA, United States Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Murmansk, Russian Federation Department of Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate Cluster, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, and Australian Research Council’s Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Hobart, TAS, Australia Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, United States Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria NOAA/NOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States NOAA/NOS National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC, United States Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen, and Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russian Federation Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt Rabat, Morocco NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Instituto Geofisico del Perú, Lima, Peru Meteorological Department of St. Maarten, St. Maarten, United States NOAA/NWS Central Pacific Hurricane Center, Honolulu, HI, United States Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States University of Liège, Liège, Belgium Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Canadian Hurricane Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Department of Geology, CIMSS, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States CIMSS, University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI, United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, United States Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway Land Resources Monitoring Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Sorbonne Universités (UPMC-Paris 6), LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Guam Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Insubria University, Varese, Italy Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, United States Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC UC), Santander, Spain Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Blindern, Oslo, Norway Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany Climate Center, Institute of Meteorology of Cuba, Cuba Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA, United States COSMIC, UCAR, Boulder, CO, United States Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, United States NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States University of Liverpool, and National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Blindern, Oslo, Norway Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom Estellus, and LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany, and Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, and University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom Dominica Meteorological Service, Dominica Météo France, Reunion Rabat, Morocco Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Trinidad & Tobago Meteorological Service, Piarco, Trinidad and Tobago Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteorological Organization, Iran Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, United States Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Fort Collins, CO, United States Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway Freshwater Centre, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Helsinki, Finland All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center, Obninsk, Russian Federation Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa ERT, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Centre, Sodankylä, Finland University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, United States Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of Physical Sciences, Madison Area Technical College, Madison, WI, United States U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, AK, United States NOAA/NESDIS NCWCP Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, College Park, MD, United States NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, MD, United States NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Sorbonne Universités (UPMC-Paris 6), LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France NOAA/NWS National Centers for Envrionmental Prediction, Camp Springs, MD, United States Instituto de Hidrología de Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia, United States National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand German Aerospace Center (DLR) Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin– Madison, Madison, WI, United States Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Brasilia, Brazil Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen, and Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tyumen, Russian Federation NorthWest Research Associates, and New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, United States Dominica Meteorological Service, Dominica Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas aos Desastres Naturais, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Honolulu, HI, United States Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Management, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium CIIFEN Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador Australian Antarctic Division, and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia Laboratório de Estudos dos Oceanos e Clima, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil NOAA/OAR Arctic Research Program, Climate Observation Division, Silver Spring, MD, United States Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, United States Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia CSIRO Land and Water Flagship, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA, United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Department of Energy and Environmental Systems, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States Environmental Hydraulic Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Cantabria, Spain Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana, and Department of Physics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge, United Kingdom Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States Sorbonne Universités (UPMC-Paris 6), LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, and EODC, Vienna, Austria College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, Stellenbosch, South Africa NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Department of Geography, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States CIIFEN Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, Davos, Switzerland USGS, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, National Agency for Meteorology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Korea Meteorological Administration, South Korea Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, MD, United States NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, United States National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Dorset, ON, Canada Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand Nichols College, Dudley, MA, United States UCAR COSMIC, Boulder, CO, United States Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia USACE, ERDC, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, and Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division, and University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States Greater Wellington Regional Council, Wellington, New Zealand Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada Land Resource Management Unit, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santander, Spain Cayman Islands National Weather Service, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Tehran, Iran Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, India Service de la Climatologie et du Changement Climatique, Madagascar All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russian Federation NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Silver Spring, MD, United States Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites– Maryland, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States Australian Bureau of Meteorology, and ACE CRC, Hobart, TAS, Australia Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, and EODC, Vienna, Austria Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India USACE Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, United States GeoVille Information Systems, Innsbruck, Austria, Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, Israel CSIRO-CMAR/CAWCR/ACE-CRC, Hobart, TAS, Australia Department of Geography, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States Université Paris Diderot (UPMC-Paris 7), LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Dorset, ON, Canada NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States Sorbonne Universités (UPMC-Paris 6), LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge, United Kingdom NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, United States Rabat, Morocco National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Tahoe Environmental Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC, United States Universities Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States Turkish State Meteorological Service, Kalaba, Ankara, Turkey National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Compos, SP, Brazil Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russian Federation Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States Science Application International Corporation, Beltsville, MD, United States Division of Meteorology, Department of Water Resources, Banjul, Gambia European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica India Meteorological Department, Jaipur, India NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States German Weather Service (DWD), Hohenpeissenberg, Germany Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica Universities Space Research Association, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, United States CSIR Southern Ocean Carbon & Climate Observatory, Stellenbosch, South Africa NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD, United States Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States Grenada Airports Authority, St. George’s, Grenada University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Jamaica Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University Palisades, New York, United States NASA Goddard Institute of Space Studies, New York, NY, United States Research Institute for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria NOAA/NWS, Alaska Region, Fairbanks, AK, United States Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States Laboratory of Systems, Technological Research Institute, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany NOAA/NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA, United States Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), DeBilt, Netherlands Transmissivity, and VanderSat, Noordwijk, Netherlands Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, Netherlands Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados University of California, Irvine, CA, United States National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand Water Quality and Spatial Science Section, WaterNSW, Penrith, NSW, Australia Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden Department of Physics and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States Tahoe Environmental Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States Department of Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, United States INNOVIM, NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand St. Lucia Meteorological Service, Saint Lucia Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK, United States NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD, United States Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Korea Meteorological Administration, South Korea ERT, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Independent Researcher, Long Beach, CA, United States Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States Maldives Meteorological Service, Maldives Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño, Guayaquil, Ecuador Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China University of Illinois at Urbana– Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Lanzhou, China Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States Lead Graphics Production, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, United States Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites–NC, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC, United States TeleSolv Consulting, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States LAC Group, NOAA/ NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States Graphics Support, Riverside Technology, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, United States Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites–NC, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC, United States TeleSolv Consulting, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States STG, Inc., NOAA/ NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC, United States
Palabras clave:	Agriculture; Atmospheric temperature; Carbon dioxide; Carbon monoxide; Digital storage; Drought; Earth atmosphere; Fisheries; Greenhouse gases; Groundwater; Hurricanes; Nickel; Nitrogen oxides; Oceanography; Ozone; Ozone layer; Precipitation (meteorology); Rain; Sea ice; Sea level; Snow; Soil moisture; Storms; Submarine geophysics; Surface measurement; Surface properties; Surface waters; Tropics; Water conservation; Agricultural productions; Global surface temperature; Indian summer monsoon rainfall; Intra-annual variability; Land surface temperature; Pre-industrial conditions; Precipitation variability; Sea surface temperature (SST); Ice
Año:	2016
Volumen:	97
Número:	8
Página de inicio:	S1
Página de fin:	S275
DOI:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
Título revista:	Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
Título revista abreviado:	Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.
ISSN:	00030007
CODEN:	BAMIA
Registro:	https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_00030007_v97_n8_pS1_Multitudinario

Referencias:

Aagaard, K., Carmack, E.C., The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation (1989) J. Geophys. Res, 94, pp. 1485-14498
Ackerman, S.A., Holz, R.E., Frey, R., Eloranta, E.W., Maddux, B.C., McGill, M., Cloud Detection with MODIS. Part II: Validation (2008) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, pp. 1073-1086
Adler, R.F., The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-present) (2003) J. Hydrometeor., 4, pp. 1147-1167
Ahlstrøm, A.P., A new programme for monitoring the mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet (2008) Geol. Surv. Denmark Greenl. Bull., 15, pp. 61-64
Aiyyer, A., Molinari, J., MJO and tropical cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico and eastern Pacific: Case study and idealized numerical modeling (2008) J. Atmos. Sci., 65, pp. 2691-2704
Albergel, C., Skill and global trend analysis of soil moisture from reanalyses and microwave remote sensing (2013) J. Hydrometeor., 14, pp. 1259-1277
Allan, R.J., D’Arrigo, R.D., Persistent ENSO sequences: How unusual was the 1990-1995 El Niño (1999) Holocene, 9, pp. 101-118
Allan, R.J., Ansell, T., A new globally complete monthly historical gridded mean sea level pressure dataset (HadSLP2): 1850-2004 (2006) J. Climate, 19, pp. 5816-5842
Allan, R.J., Beard, G., Close, A., Herczeg, A.L., Jones, P.D., Simpson, H.J., Mean sea level pressure indices of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Relevance to stream discharge in southeastern Australia (1996) CSIRO Division of Water Resources Rep, 96 (1), p. 23
Allan, R.J., Reason, C.J.C., Lindesay, J.A., Ansell, T.J., Protracted ENSO episodes and their impacts in the Indian Ocean region (2003) Deep-Sea Res., 2 (50), pp. 2331-2347
Allen, R.J., Norris, J.R., Kovilakam, M., Influence of anthropogenic aerosols and the Pacific decadal oscillation on tropical belt width (2014) Nat. Geosci, 7, pp. 270-274
Amador, J.A., A climatic feature of the tropical Americas: The trade wind easterly jet (1998) Top. Meteor. Oceanogr, 5, pp. 91-102
Amador, J.A., Alfaro, E.J., Lizano, O.G., Magaña, V.O., Atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review (2006) Progr. Oceanogr, 69, pp. 101-142
Amador, J.A., Alfaro, E.J., Hidalgo, H.G., Calderón, B., Central America [in “State of the Climate 2010”] (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92 (6), pp. S182-S183
Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic—Status report (2015) Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, , https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/1439
Andela, N., Van Der Werf, G.R., Recent trends in African fires driven by cropland expansion and El Niño to La Niña transition (2014) Nat. Climate Change, 4, pp. 791-795
Anderson, M.C., Norman, J.M., Diak, G.R., Kustas, W.P., Mecikalski, J.R., A two-source time-integrated model for estimating surface fluxes using thermal infrared remote sensing (1997) Remote Sens. Environ, 60, pp. 195-216
Anderson, M.C., Mapping daily evapotranspiration at field to continental scales using geostationary and polar orbiting satellite imagery (2011) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 15, pp. 223-239
Antonov, J.I., Salinity. Vol. 2, World Ocean Atlas 2009 (2010) NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 69, p. 184. , http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html
Aoki, S., Coherent sea level response to the Antarctic Oscillation. Geophys. Res (2002) Lett., 29, p. 1950
Arguez, A., Applequist, S., Understanding the statistical uncertainty of 2014’s designation as the warmest year on record [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S11-S12
Arguez, A., Karl, T.R., Squires, M.F., Vose, R.S., Uncertainty in annual rankings from NOAA’s global temperature time series (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 5965-5969
Arkin, P.A., The relationship between interannual variability in the 200 mb tropical wind field and the Southern Oscillation (1982) Mon. Wea. Rev, 110, pp. 1393-1404
Armstrong, R.L., Knowles, K.W., Brodzik, M.J., Hardman, M.A., (1994) DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Pathfinder Daily Ease-Grid Brightness Temperatures, Version 2. Southern Hemisphere Data, National Snow and Ice Data Center, , http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/nsidc0032_ssmi_ease_tbs.gd.html.], (updated annually), accessed
Aschmann, J., Burrows, J.P., Gebhardt, C., Rozanov, A., Hommel, R., Weber, M., Thompson, A.M., On the hiatus in the acceleration of tropical upwelling since the beginning of the 21st century (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 14, pp. 12803-12814
Ashok, K., Behera, S.K., Rao, S.A., Weng, H., Yamagata, T., El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112
Azorin-Molina, C., Homogenization and assessment of observed near-surface wind speed trends over Spain and Portugal, 1961-2011 (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 3692-3712
Azorin-Molina, C., Guijarro-Pastor, J.A., McVicar, T.R., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Jerez, S., Espírito-Santo, F., Trends of daily peak wind gusts in Spain and Portugal, 1961-2014 (2016) J. Geophys. Res., 121, pp. 1059-1078
Bakker, D.C.E., An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2) (2014) Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, pp. 69-90
Balks, M., Seybold, K., Gugliemin, M., Thermal snapshot of McMurdo Dry Valley, continental Antarctica (2016) Proc. 11Th Int. Conf. on Permafrost (ICOP), Potsdam, Germany, , Alfred Wegener Institute, in press
Banzon, V.F., Reynolds, R.W., Use of WindSat to extend a microwave-based daily optimum interpolation sea surface temperature time series (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 2557-2562
Baringer, M.O., Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport observations in the Atlantic [in “State of the Climate in 2012”] (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (8), pp. S65-S68
Baringer, M.O., Johns, W.E., Hobbs, W.R., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Willis, J., Meridional oceanic heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S81-S82
Baringer, M.O., Meridional overturning circulation observations in the North Atlantic Ocean [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S78-S80
Barnston, A., (2015) Why are There So Many ENSO Indexes, instead of Just One?, , https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/why-are-there-so-many-enso-indexes-instead-just-one
Barrett, J.E., Virginia, R.A., Wall, D.H., Doran, P.T., Fountain, A.G., Welch, K.A., Lyons, W.B., Persistent effects of a discrete warming event on a polar desert ecosystem (2008) Global Change Biol., 14, pp. 2249-2261
Bastos, A., Running, S.W., Gouveia, C., Trigo, R.M., The global NPP dependence on ENSO: La Niña and the extraordinary year of 2011 (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 118, pp. 1247-1255
Bauer-Marschallinger, B., Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Van Dijk, A.I.J.M., How oceanic oscillation drives soil moisture variations over mainland Australia: An analysis of 32 years of satellite observations (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 10159-10173
Baxter, S., Weaver, S., Gottschalck, J., Xue, Y., Pentad evolution of wintertime impacts of the Madden-Julian Oscillation over the contiguous United States (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 7356-7367
Beal, L.M., Hormann, V., Lumpkin, R., Foltz, G.R., The response of the surface circulation of the Arabian Sea to monsoonal forcing (2013) J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, pp. 2008-2022
Becker, A., Finger, P., Meyer-Christoffer, A., Rudolf, B., Schamm, K., Schneider, U., Ziese, M., A description of the global land-surface precipitation data products of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre with sample applications including centennial (Trend) analysis from 1901-present (2013) Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, pp. 71-99
Behrenfeld, M.J., Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity (2006) Nature, 444, pp. 752-755
Behrenfeld, M.J., Revaluating ocean warming impacts on global phytoplankton (2016) Nat. Climate Change, 6, pp. 323-330
Behringer, D.W., Ji, M., Leetmaa, A., An improved coupled model for ENSO prediction and implications for ocean initialization. Part I: The ocean data assimilation system (1998) Mon. Wea. Rev, 126, pp. 1013-1021
Bell, G.D., Halpert, M.S., Climate assessment for 1997 (1998) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, pp. S1-S51
Bell, G.D., Chelliah, M., Leading tropical modes associated with interannual and multi-decadal fluctuations in North Atlantic hurricane activity (2006) J. Climate, 19, pp. 590-612
Bell, G.D., The 1999 North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific hurricane season [in “Climate Assessment for 1999”] (2000) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81 (6), pp. S19-S22
Bell, G.D., Tropical cyclones; Atlantic basin [in “State of the Climate in 2010”] (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92 (7), pp. S115-S121
Bell, G.D., Tropical cyclones; Atlantic basin [in “State of the Climate in 2011”] (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), pp. S99-S105
Bell, G.D., Tropical cyclones; Atlantic basin [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), pp. S86-S90
Bell, G.D., The 2014 North Atlantic hurricane season: A climate perspective [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S101-S107
Benedetti, A., Aerosol analysis and forecast in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System: 2. Data assimilation (2009) J. Geophys. Res., 114
Beniston, M., The 2003 heat wave in Europe: A shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett, 31
Berg, R., Hurricane Joaquin (AL112015) (2016) National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report, , http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112015_Joaquin.pdf
Bernhard, G., Comparison of OMI UV observations with ground-based measurements at high northern latitudes. Atmos (2015) Chem. Phys., 15, pp. 7391-7412
Berrisford, P., Tobin, I., Dunn, R.J.H., Vautard, R., McVicar, T.R., Land surface winds [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S33-S34
Berry, D.I., Kent, E.C., A new air-sea interaction gridded dataset from ICOADS with uncertainty estimates (2009) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, pp. 645-656
Berry, D.I., Kent, E.C., Air-sea fluxes from ICOADS: The construction of a new gridded dataset with uncertainty estimates (2011) Int. J. Climatol., 31, pp. 987-1001
Bestelmeyer, B.T., Analysis of abrupt transitions in ecological systems (2011) Ecosphere, 2, pp. 1-26
Bhartia, P.K., Wellemeyer, C.W., (2002) TOMS-V8 Total O3 Algorithm. OMI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, pp. 15-31. , Vol II, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Bichet, A., Wild, M., Folini, D., Schär, C., Causes for decadal variations of wind speed over land: Sensitivity studies with a global climate model (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Billheimer, S., Talley, L.D., Near cessation of Eighteen Degree Water renewal in the western North Atlantic in the warm winter of 2011-2012 (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, pp. 6838-6853
Biskaborn, B.K., Lanckman, J.-P., Lantuit, H., Elger, K., Streletskiy, D.A., Cable, W.L., Romanovsky, V.E., The new database of the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) (2015) Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, pp. 245-259
Bjerknes, J., Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific (1969) Mon. Wea. Rev, 97, pp. 163-172
Blake, E., Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (2009) Historical Climatology Series 6-5, p. 162. , NOAA/National Climatic Data Center
Bliss, A., Hock, R., Radić, V., Global response of glacier runoff to twenty-first century climate change (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 119, pp. 717-730
Boden, T.A., Marland, G., Andres, R.J., Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel CO2 emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (2015) Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Bodhaine, B.A., Mendonca, B.G., Harris, J.M., Miller, J.M., Seasonal variations in aerosols and atmospheric transmission at Mauna Loa Observatory (1981) J. Geophys. Res., 86 (C6), pp. 7395-7398
Boeckli, L., Brenning, A., Gruber, S., Noetzli, J., Permafrost distribution in the European Alps: Calculation and evaluation of an index map and summary statistics (2012) Cryosphere, 6, pp. 807-820
Boening, C., Willis, J.K., Landerer, F.W., Nerem, R.S., Fasullo, J., The 2011 La Niña: So strong, the oceans fell (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Boitsov, V.D., Karsakov, A.L., Trofimov, A.G., Atlantic water temperature and climate in the Barents Sea, 2000-2009 (2012) ICES J. Mar. Sci, 69, pp. 833-840
Bojinski, S., Verstraete, M., Peterson, T.C., Richter, C., Simmons, A., Zemp, M., The concept of essential climate variables in support of climate research, applications, and policy (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95, pp. 1431-1443
Bo, M., Annual climate report 2015 (2016) Bureau of Meteorology Australia, , http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/annual/aus/2015/
Bond, N.A., Cronin, M.F., Freeland, H., Mantua, N., Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 3414-3420
Bonjean, F., Lagerloef, G., Diagnostic model and analysis of the surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean (2002) J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, pp. 2938-2954
Bosilovich, M.G., (2015) MERRA-2: Initial Evaluation of the Climate, 43, p. 136. , http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/docs/, NASA/TM-2015-104606
Boucher, O., (2013) Clouds and Aerosols. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis, T.F.S., , pp. 573-657. , Cambridge University Press; Bourassa, A.E., Degenstein, D.A., Randel, W.J., Zawodny, J.M., Kyrölä, E., McLinden, C.A., Sioris, C.E., Roth, C.Z., Trends in stratospheric ozone derived from merged SAGE II and Odin-OSIRIS satellite observations. Atmos (2014) Chem. Phys., 14, pp. 6983-6994
Box, J.E., Hansen, K., Survey of Greenland glacier area changes (2015) PROMICE Newsletter, 8, pp. 1-2. , http://promice.org/Newsletter_08.pdf, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
Box, J.E., Fettweis, X., Stroeve, J.C., Tedesco, M., Hall, D.K., Steffen, K., Greenland ice sheet albedo feedback: Thermodynamics and atmospheric drivers (2012) Cryosphere, 6, pp. 821-839
Boyd, P.W., Ellwood, M.J., The biogeochemical cycle of iron in the ocean. Nat (2010) Geosci., 3, pp. 675-682
Boyer, T.P., Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Reagan, J.R., Schmid, C., Locarnini, R., Subsurface salinity [in “State of the Climate in 2011”] (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), pp. S72-S75
Boyer, T.P., (2013) World Ocean Database 2013, 72, p. 209. , S. Levitus, Ed., NOAA Atlas NESDIS
Brasnett, B., A global analysis of snow depth for numerical weather prediction (1999) J. Appl. Meteor., 38, pp. 726-740
Bromwich, D.H., Wang, S.-H., Net precipitation (P − E) [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), pp. S147-S149
Bromwich, D.H., Wang, S.-H., Net precipitation (P − E) [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S153-S159
Bromwich, D.H., Monaghan, A.J., Guo, Z., Modeling the ENSO modulation of Antarctic climate in the late 1990s with Polar MM5 (2004) J. Climate, 17, pp. 109-132
Bromwich, D.H., Fogt, R.L., Hodges, K.E., Walsh, J.E., A tropospheric assessment of the ERA-40, NCEP, and JRA-25 global reanalyses in the polar regions (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112
Bromwich, D.H., Nicolas, J.P., Monaghan, A.J., An assessment of precipitation changes over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean since 1989 in contemporary global reanalyses (2011) J. Climate, 24, pp. 4189-4209
Brown, J., Hinkel, K., Nelson, F., The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program: Research designs and initial results (2000) Polar Geogr., 24, pp. 166-258
Butchart, N., Remsberg, E.E., The area of the stratospheric polar vortex as a diagnostic for tracer transport on an isentropic surface (1986) J. Atmos. Sci., 43, pp. 1319-1339
Callaghan, T., The changing face of Arctic snow cover: A synthesis of observed and projected changes (2011) Ambio, 40, pp. 17-31
Camargo, S.J., Sobel, A.H., Western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity and ENSO (2005) J. Climate, 18, pp. 2996-3006
Camargo, S.J., Emanuel, K.A., Sobel, A.H., Use of a genesis potential index to diagnose ENSO effects on tropical cyclone genesis (2007) J. Climate, 20, pp. 4819-4834
Camargo, S.J., Wheeler, M.C., Sobel, A.H., Diagnosis of the MJO modulation of tropical cyclogenesis using an empirical index (2009) J. Atmos. Sci., 66, pp. 3061-3074
Cappelen, J., Greenland—DMI Historical Climate Data Collection 1784-2014 (2015) Danish Meteorological Institute Tech. Rep, p. 97. , www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Rapporter/TR/2015/tr15-04.pdf, 15-04
Carpenter, L.J., Ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and other gases of interest to the Montreal Protocol. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 55 (2014) World Meteorological Organization, 1.1-1, p. 101
Carrer, D., Ceamanos, X., Six, B., Roujean, J.-L., AERUS-GEO: A newly available satellite-derived aerosol optical depth product over Europe and Africa. Geophys. Res (2014) Lett., 41, pp. 7731-7738
Carton, J.A., Chepurin, G.A., Reagan, J., Häkkinen, S., Interannual to decadal variability of Atlantic Water in the Nordic and adjacent seas (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Carton, J.A., Cunningham, A., Frajka-Williams, E., Kwon, Y.-O., Marshall, D., Msadek, R., The Atlantic overturning circulation: More evidence of variability and links to climate (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 95, pp. ES163-ES166
Carturan, L., Cazorzi, F., De Blasi, F., Dalla Fontana, G., Air temperature variability over three glaciers in the Ortles-Cevedale (Italian Alps) effects of glacier fragmentation, comparison of calculation methods, and impacts on mass balance modeling (2015) Cryosphere, 9, pp. 1129-1146
Cassou, C., Intraseasonal interaction between the Madden Julian Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation (2008) Nature, 455, pp. 523-527
Cavalieri, D.J., Parkinson, C.L., Gloersen, P., Zwally, H., 1996 (Updated yearly): Sea ice concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS passive microwave data, version 1 [1981-2011] (2016) National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center, , accessed
Cavicchia, L., Von Storch, H., Gualdi, S., S. Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones in present and future climate (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 7493-7501
Chandra, S., Ziemke, J.R., Min, W., Read, W.G., Effects of 1997-1998 El Niño on tropospheric ozone and water vapor (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett, 25, pp. 3867-3870
Chandra, S., Ziemke, J.R., Duncan, B.N., Diehl, T.L., Livesey, N., Froidevaux, L., Effects of the 2006 El Niño on tropospheric ozone and carbon monoxide: Implications for dynamics and biomass burning (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 9, pp. 4239-4249
Chehade, W., Weber, M., Burrows, J.P., Total ozone trends and variability during 1979-2012 from merged data sets of various satellites (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 14, pp. 7059-7074
Chelton, D.B., Davis, R.E., Monthly mean sea-level variability along the West Coast of North America (1982) J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, pp. 757-784
Chen, Y., Morton, D.C., Jin, Y., Gollatz, G.J., Kasibhatla, P.S., Van Der Werf, G.R., Defries, R.S., Randerson, J.T., Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America (2013) Carbon Manage., 4, pp. 617-638
Chepurin, G.A., Carton, J.A., Subarctic and Arctic sea surface temperature and its relation to ocean heat content 1982-2010 (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
Chia, H.H., Ropelewski, C.F., The interannual variability in the genesis location of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific (2002) J. Climate, 15, pp. 2934-2944
Chiou, E.W., Comparison of profile total ozone from SBUV (V8.6) with GOME-type and ground-based total ozone for a 16-year period (1996 to 2011) (2014) Atmos. Meas. Tech, 7, pp. 1681-1692
Christiansen, H.H., The thermal state of permafrost in the Nordic area during the International Polar Year 2007-2009 (2010) Permafr. Periglac. Process, 21, pp. 156-181
Christiansen, J.S., Mecklenburg, C.W., Karamushko, O.V., Arctic marine fishes and fisheries in light of global change (2014) Global Change Biol., 20, pp. 352-359
Christy, J., Lower tropospheric temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), pp. S10-S11
Christy, J., Lower tropospheric temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S9-S10
Christy, J., Spencer, R.W., Norris, W.B., Braswell, W.D., Parker, D.E., Error estimates of version 5.0 of MSU-AMSU bulk atmospheric temperatures (2003) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 20, pp. 613-629
Chrysanthou, A., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Den Besselaar, E.J.M., Klein Tank, A.M.G., Brandsma, T., The effects of urbanization on the rise of the European temperature since 1960 (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett, 41 (21), pp. 7716-7722
Chu, J.H., Sampson, C.R., Levine, A.S., Fukada, E., The Joint Typhoon Warning Center tropical cyclone best-tracks, 1945-2000 (2002) Naval Research Laboratory, , http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/TC_bt_report.html, Ref. NRL/MR/7540-02-16
Chung, E.-S., Soden, B.J., John, V.O., Intercalibrating microwave satellite observations for monitoring long-term variations in upper-and midtropospheric water vapor (2013) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 30, pp. 2303-2319
Chung, E.-S., Soden, B.J., Huang, X., Shi, L., John, V.O., An assessment of the consistency between satellite measurements of upper tropospheric water vapour, revised (2016) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, pp. 2874-2887
Ciais, P., (2013) Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. Climate Change 2013: The Physical, pp. 465-570. , Science Basis, T. F. Stocker, et al. Eds., Cambridge University Press
Coelho, C.A.S., Cardoso, D.H.F., Firpo, M.A.F., Precipitation diagnostics of an exceptionally dry event in São Paulo, Brazil (2016) Theor. Appl. Climatol
Coelho, C.A.S., The 2014 southeast Brazil austral summer drought: Regional scale mechanisms and teleconnections (2016) Climate Dyn, 46, pp. 3737-3752
Coldewey-Egbers, M., Loyola, D., Braesicke, P., Dameris, M., Van Roozendael, M., Lerot, C., Zimmer, W., A new health check of the ozone layer at global and regional scales (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, pp. 4363-4372
Coldewey-Egbers, M., The GOME-type Total Ozone Essential Climate Variable (GTO-ECV) data record from the ESA Climate Change Initiative (2015) Atmos. Meas. Tech, 8, pp. 3923-3940
Cooper, O.R., Ziemke, J.R., Tropospheric ozone [in “State of the Climate in 2012”] (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (8), pp. S38-S39
Cooper, O.R., Ziemke, J.R., Tropospheric ozone [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), p. 42
Cooper, O.R., Ziemke, J.R., Tropospheric ozone [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S48-S49
Cooper, O.R., Global distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone: An observation-based review. Elementa Sci (2014) Anthropocene, 2
Cross, J.N., Annual sea-air CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea: Insights from new autumn and winter observations of a seasonally ice-covered continental shelf (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, pp. 6692-6708
Curtis, S., Adler, R., ENSO indexes based on patterns of satellite-derived precipitation (2000) J. Climate, 13, pp. 2786-2793
Dai, A., Recent climatology, variability, and trends in global surface humidity (2006) J. Climate, 19, pp. 3589-3606
Dai, A., Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nat (2013) Climate Change, 3, pp. 52-58
Dalpadado, P., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Stige, L.C., Bogstad, B., Knutsen, T., Ottersen, G., Ellertsen, B., Climate effects on Barents Sea ecosystem dynamics (2012) ICES J. Mar. Sci, 69, pp. 1303-1316
Dalpadado, P., Productivity in the Barents Sea—Response to recent climate variability (2014) Plos One, 9
Daniel, J.S., Solomon, S., Albritton, D.L., On the evaluation of halocarbon radiative forcing and global warming potentials (1995) J. Geophys. Res., 100, pp. 1271-1285
Davis, S.M., Hurst, D.F., Rosenlof, K.H., Stratospheric water vapor [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S46-S48
De Jeu, R., Dorigo, W., Wagner, W., Liu, Y., Soil moisture [in “State of the Climate in 2010”] (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92 (6), pp. S52-S53
De Jeu, R., Dorigo, W., Parinussa, R.M., Wagner, W., Chung, D., Soil moisture [in “State of the Climate in 2011”] (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), pp. S30-S34
De Jeu, R., Dorigo, W., Parinussa, R.M., Wagner, W., Liu, Y.Y., Chung, D., Fernández-Prieto, D., Building a climate record of soil moisture from historical satellite observations [in “State of the Climate in 2011”] (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), pp. S32-S33
De Laat, A.T.J., Van Der, R.J., Van Weele, M., Tracing the second stage of ozone recovery in the Antarctic ozone-hole with a “big data” approach to multivariate regressions (2015) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, pp. 79-97
De Lima, M.I., Santo, F.E., Ramos, A.M., De Lima, J.L.M.P., Recent changes in daily precipitation and surface air temperature extremes in mainland Portugal, in the period 1941-2007 (2013) Atmos. Res, 127, pp. 195-209
De Pablo, M.A., Ramos, M., Molina, M., Thermal characterization of the active layer at the Limnopolar Lake CALM-S site on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island), Antarctica (2014) Solid Earth, 5, pp. 721-739
De Ronde, C.E.J., Discovery of active hydrothermal venting in Lake Taupo, New Zealand (2002) J. Volcanol. Geotherm., 115, pp. 257-275
Dee, D.P., The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system (2011) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, pp. 553-597
Deeter, M.N., Validation of MOPITT Version 5 thermal-infrared, near-infrared, and multispectral carbon monoxide profile retrievals for 2000-2011 (2013) J. Geophys. Res., 118, pp. 6710-6725
Deser, M., Alexander, A., Xie, S.P., Phillips, A.S., Sea surface temperature variability: Patterns and mechanisms (2010) Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, pp. 115-143
Devries, T., The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink: Storage, air-sea fluxes, and transports over the industrial era. Global Biogeochem (2014) Cycles, 28, pp. 631-647
Dewitte, S., Crommelynck, D., Joukof, A., Total solar irradiance observations from DIARAD/VIRGO (2004) J. Geophys. Res., 109
Di Girolamo, L., Menzies, A., Zhao, G., Mueller, K., Moroney, C., Diner, D.J., Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer level 3 cloud fraction by altitude algorithm theoretical basis document. JPL Publ. D-62358 (2010) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, p. 23
Diamond, H.J., Tropics [in “State of the Climate in 2012”] (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 94 (8), pp. S79-S110
Diamond, H.J., Tropics [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 95 (8), pp. S81-S114
Diamond, H.J., Tropics [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 96 (7), pp. S91-S126
Diamond, H.J., Lorrey, A.M., Knapp, K.R., Levinson, D.H., Development of an enhanced tropical cyclone tracks database for the southwest Pacific from 1840 to 2011 (2012) Int. J. Climatol., 32, pp. 2240-2250
Dickson, R., Lazier, J., Meincke, J., Rhines, P., Swift, J., Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic (1996) Prog. Oceanogr, 38, pp. 241-295
Dlugokencky, E.J., Nisbet, E.G., Fisher, R., Lowry, D., Global atmospheric methane: Budget, changes and dangers (2011) Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 369A, pp. 2058-2072
Dohan, K., Goni, G., Lumpkin, R., Surface currents [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 96 (7), pp. S64-S66, S68
Doherty, R.M., Stevenson, D.S., Johnson, C.E., Collins, W.J., Sanderson, M.G., Tropospheric ozone and El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Influence of atmospheric dynamics, biomass burning emissions, and future climate change (2006) J. Geophys. Res., 111
Dokulil, M.T., Herzig, A., Somogyi, B., Vörös, L., Donabaum, K., May, L., Nõges, T., Winter conditions in European shallow lakes: A comparative synopsis (2014) Est. J. Ecol, 63, pp. 111-129
Domingues, C.M., Church, J.A., White, N.J., Gleckler, P.J., Wijffels, S.E., Barker, P.M., Dunn, J.R., Improved estimates of upper-ocean warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise (2008) Nature, 453, pp. 1090-1093
Domingues, R., Upper ocean response to Hurricane Gonzalo (2014): Salinity effects revealed by targeted and sustained underwater glider observations (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 7131-7138
Donat, M.G., Alexander, L.V., Yang, H., Durre, I., Vose, R., Caesar, J., Global land-based datasets for monitoring climatic extremes (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, pp. 997-1006
Doney, S.C., Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems (2012) Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4, pp. 11-37
Dong, S., Garzoli, S.L., Baringer, M.O., Meinen, C.S., Goni, G.J., The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and its northward heat transport in the South Atlantic (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett, 36
Dong, S., Goni, G., Bringas, F., Temporal variability of the meridional overturning circulation in the South Atlantic between 20°S and 35°S (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 7655-7662
Dorigo, W., De Jeu, R., Chung, D., Parinussa, R., Liu, Y., Wagner, W., Fernández-Prieto, D., Evaluating global trends (1988-2010) in harmonized multi-satellite surface soil moisture (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Dorigo, W., Soil moisture [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), pp. S25-S26
Dorigo, W., Reimer, C., Chung, D., Parinussa, R.M., Melzer, T., Wagner, W., De Jeu, R.A.M., Kidd, R., Soil moisture [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S28-S29
Dorigo, W., Evaluation of the ESA CCI soil moisture product using ground-based observations (2015) Remote Sens. Environ, 162, pp. 380-395
Dorigo, W., De Jeu, R., Satellite soil moisture for advancing our understanding of Earth system processes and climate change (2016) Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 48, pp. 1-4
Douville, H., Ribes, A., Decharme, B., Alkama, R., Sheffield, J., Anthropogenic influence on multidecadal changes in reconstructed global evapotranspiration. Nat (2013) Climate Change, 3, pp. 59-62
Drozdov, D., Monitoring of permafrost in Russia and the international GTN-P project (2015) Proc. 68Th Canadian Geotechnical Conf, , (GEOQuébec 2015), Québec, Canada, GEOQuébec
Duchesne, C., Smith, S.L., Ednie, M., Bonnaventure, P.P., Active layer variability and change in the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories (2015) Proc. 68Th Canadian Geotechnical Conf. and Seventh Canadian Conf. on Permafrost, , (GEOQuébec 2015), Québec, Canada, GEOQuébec, Paper 117
Duchez, A., A new index for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26°N (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 6439-6455
Ducklow, H., West Antarctic Peninsula: An ice-dependent coastal marine ecosystem in transition (2013) Oceanography, 26, pp. 190-203
Dunn, R.J.H., Willett, K.M., Thorne, P.W., Woolley, E.V., Durre, I., Dai, A., Parker, D.E., Vose, R.S., HadISD: A quality-controlled global synoptic report database for selected variables at long-term stations from 1973-2011 (2012) Climate Past, 8, pp. 1649-1679
Dunn, R.J.H., Donat, M.G., Peterson, T., Temperature extreme indices [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S15-S16
Durack, P.J., Wijffels, S.E., Gleckler, P.J., Long-term sea-level change revisited: The role of salinity (2014) Environ. Res. Lett, 9
Dutton, E.G., A coherence between the QBO and the amplitude of the Mauna Loa atmospheric transmission annual cycle (1992) Int. J. Climatol., 12, pp. 383-396
Dutton, E.G., Bodhaine, B.A., Solar irradiance anomalies caused by clear-sky transmission variations above Mauna Loa: 1958-1999 (2001) J. Climate, 14, pp. 3255-3262
Dutton, E.G., Deluisi, J.J., Austring, A.P., Interpretation of Mauna Loa atmospheric transmission relative to aerosols, using photometric precipitable water amounts (1985) J. Atmos. Chem., 3, pp. 53-68
Dvortsov, V., Solomon, S., Response of the stratospheric temperatures and ozone to past and future increases in stratospheric humidity (2001) J. Geophys. Res., 106, pp. 7505-7514
Ebita, A., The Japanese 55-year Reanalysis “JRA-55”: An interim report (2011) SOLA, 7, pp. 149-152
Ednie, M., Smith, S.L., Permafrost temperature data 2008-2014 from community based monitoring sites in Nunavut (2015) Geological Survey of Canada Open File, p. 7784
Edson, J., On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean (2013) J. Phys. Oceanogr., 43, pp. 1589-1610
Ellis, H.T., Pueschel, R.F., Solar radiation: Absence of air pollution trends at Mauna Loa (1971) Science, 172, pp. 845-846
Emanuel, K.A., The maximum intensity of hurricanes (1988) J. Atmos. Sci., 45, pp. 1143-1155
Emanuel, K.A., Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised steady-state model incorporating eye dynamics (1995) J. Atmos. Sci., 52, pp. 3969-3976
Emanuel, K.A., Nolan, D.S., Tropical cyclone activity and the global climate system (2004) Proc. 26Th Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 10A, p. 2. , https://ams.confex.com/ams/26HURR/techprogram/paper_75463.htm
Enfield, D.B., Allen, J.S., On the structure and dynamics of monthly mean sea level anomalies along the Pacific coast of North and South America (1980) J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, pp. 557-578
Enfield, D.B., Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., Multiscale variabilities in global sea surface temperatures and their relationships with tropospheric climate patterns (1999) J. Climate, 12, pp. 2719-2733
Enfield, D.B., Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., Trimble, P.J., The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relationship to rainfall and river flows in the continental US (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett, 28, pp. 2077-2080
England, M.H., Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus (2014) Nat. Climate Change, 4, pp. 222-227
Esaias, W.E., An overview of MODIS capabilities for ocean science observations (1998) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, pp. 1250-1265
Estilow, T., The climate data guide: Snow cover extent (Northern Hemisphere) climate data record, by Rutgers (2013) Data Accessed, p. 2015. , https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/snow-cover-extent-northern-hemisphere-climate-data-record-rutgers
Evans, W., Sea-air CO2 exchange in the western Arctic coastal ocean. Global Biogeochem (2015) Cycles, 29, pp. 1190-1209
Falkowski, P.G., Barber, R.T., Smetacek, V., Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production (1998) Science, 281, pp. 200-206
Farbrot, H., Isaksen, K., Etzelmüller, B., Gisnås, K., Ground thermal regime and permafrost distribution under a changing climate in northern Norway (2013) Permafrost Periglacial Process., 24, pp. 20-38
Fasullo, J.T., Boening, C., Landerer, F.W., Nerem, R.S., Australia’s unique influence on global sea level in 2010-2011 (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 4368-4373
Fausto, R.S., Ablation observations for 2008-2011 from the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) (2012) Geol. Surv. Denmark Greenl. Bull., 26, pp. 73-76
Fay, F.H., Ecology and biology of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger (1982) North Amer. Fauna, 74, pp. 1-279
Fay, F.H., Kelly, B.P., Sease, J.L., Managing the exploitation of Pacific walruses: A tragedy of delayed response and poor communication (1989) Mar. Mamm. Sci, 5, pp. 1-16
Fekete, B.M., Global Climate] River discharge [in “State of the Climate in 2012” (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 94 (8), pp. S22-S23
Fekete, B.M., Looser, U., Robarts, R.D., Rationale for monitoring discharge on the ground (2012) J. Hydrometeor., 13, pp. 1977-1986
Feng, W., Zhong, M., Lemoine, J.-M., Biancale, R., Hsu, H.-T., Xia, J., Evaluation of groundwater depletion in North China using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and ground-based measurements (2013) Water Resour. Res, 49, pp. 2110-2118
Fennig, K., Andersson, A., Bakan, S., Klepp, C.-P., Schröder, M., Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data-HOAPS 3.2-Monthly means/6-hourly composites (2012) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring
Field, C.B., Behrenfeld, M.J., Randerson, J.T., Falkowski, P., Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components (1998) Science, 281, pp. 237-240
Field, R.D., Wang, Y., Roswintiarti, O., A drought-based predictor of recent haze events in western Indonesia (2004) Atmos. Environ, 38, pp. 1869-1878
Field, R.D., Van Der Werf, G.R., Shen, S.S.P., Human amplification of drought-induced biomass burning in Indonesia since 1960 (2009) Nat. Geosci, 2, pp. 185-188
Fioletov, V.E., Bodeker, G.E., Miller, A.J., McPeters, R.D., Stolarski, R., Global and zonal total ozone variations estimated from ground-based and satellite measurements: 1964-2000 (2002) J. Geophys. Res., 107, p. 4647
Fioletov, V.E., The performance of the ground-based total ozone network assessed using satellite data (2008) J. Geophys. Res., 113
Fischbach, A.S., Monson, D.H., Jay, C.V., Enumeration of Pacific walrus carcasses on beaches of the Chukchi Sea in Alaska following a mortality event, September 2009 (2009) U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Rep. 2009-1291, p. 10. , http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1291/
Fisher, J.B., Tu, K.P., Baldocchi, D.D., Global estimates of the land-atmosphere water flux based on monthly AVHRR and ISLSCP-II data, validated at 16 FLUXNET sites (2008) Remote Sens. Environ, 112, pp. 901-919
Fishman, J., Watson, C.E., Larsen, J.C., Logan, J.A., Distribution of tropospheric ozone determined from satellite data (1990) J. Geophys. Res, 95, pp. 3599-3617
Flemming, J., Inness, A., Carbon monoxide [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S49-S52
Flemming, J., Tropospheric chemistry in the Integrated Forecasting System of ECMWF (2015) Geosci. Model Dev, 8, pp. 975-1003
Fofonoff, N.P., Lewis, E.L., A practical salinity scale (1979) J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 35, pp. 63-64
Fogt, R.L., Bromwich, D.H., Hines, K.M., Understanding the SAM influence on the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection (2011) Climate Dyn., 36, pp. 1555-1576
Folland, C.K., Knight, J., Linderholm, H.W., Fereday, D., Ineson, S., Hurrell, J.W., The summer North Atlantic Oscillation: Past, present and future (2009) J. Climate, 22, pp. 1082-1103
Font, J., SMOS first data analysis for sea surface salinity determination (2013) Int. J. Remote Sens., 34, pp. 3654-3670
Foreman, C.M., Wolf, C.F., Priscu, J.C., Impact of episodic warming events (2004) Aquat. Geochem, 10, pp. 239-268
Fossheim, M., Primicerio, R., Johannesen, E., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Aschan, M.M., Dolgov, A.V., Recent warming leads to a rapid borealization of fish communities in the Arctic (2015) Nat. Climate Change, 5, pp. 673-677
Fountain, A.G., Dana, G.L., Lewis, K.J., Vaughn, B.H., McKnight, D.M., (1998) Glaciers of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, pp. 65-75. , Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. J. C. Priscu, Ed., Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 72, Amer. Geophys. Union
Fountain, A.G., Campbell, J.L., Schuur, E.A.G., Stammerjohn, S.E., Williams, M.W., Ducklow, H.W., The disappearing cryosphere: Impacts and ecosystem responses to rapid cryosphere loss (2012) Bioscience, 62, pp. 405-415
Frajka-Williams, E., Estimating the Atlantic overturning at 26°N using satellite altimetry and cable measurements (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 3458-3464
Frank, W.M., Roundy, P.E., The role of tropical waves in tropical cyclogenesis (2006) Mon. Wea. Rev, 134, pp. 2397-2417
Frankignoul, C., Hasselmann, K., Stochastic climate models, Part II: Application to sea-surface temperature anomalies and thermocline variability (1977) Tellus, 29A, pp. 289-305
Franz, B.A., Behrenfeld, M.J., Siegel, D.A., Werdell, P.J., Phytoplankton [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 96, pp. S85-S87
Fraser, W.R., Hofmann, E.E., A predator’s perspective on causal links between climate change, physical forcing and ecosystem response (2003) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 265, pp. 1-15
Fraser, W.R., Patterson-Fraser, D.L., Ribic, C.A., Schofield, O., Ducklow, H., A nonmarine source of variability in Adélie penguin demography (2013) Oceanography, 26, pp. 207-209
Freckman, D.W., Virginia, R.A., Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: Distribution and response to disturbance (1997) Ecology, 78, pp. 363-369
Free, M., Seidel, D.J., Angell, J.K., Lanzante, J.R., Durre, I., Peterson, T.C., Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC): A new dataset of large-area anomaly time series (2005) J. Geophys. Res., 110
Friis, K., Körtzinger, A., Pätsch, J., Wallace, D., On the temporal increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the subpolar North Atlantic (2005) Deep-Sea Res, 1 (52), pp. 681-698
Frith, S.M., Kramarova, N.A., Stolarski, R.S., McPeters, R.D., Bhartia, P.K., Labow, G.J., Recent changes in total column ozone based on the SBUV version 8.6 Merged Ozone Data Set (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, pp. 9735-9751
Froidevaux, L., Global Ozone Chemistry and Related Trace Gas Data Records for the Stratosphere (GOZCARDS): Methodology and sample results with a focus on HCl, H2O, and O3 (2015) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 15, pp. 10471-10507
Fung, I., John, J., Lerner, J., Matthews, E., Prather, M., Steele, L.P., Fraser, P.J., Three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle (1991) J. Geophys. Res, 96, pp. 13033-13065
Gardner, A.S., Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (2011) Nature, 473, pp. 357-360
Gardner, A.S., A reconciled estimate of glacier contributions to sea level rise: 2003 to 2009 (2013) Science, 340, pp. 852-857
Garzoli, S.L., Baringer, M.O., Dong, S., Perez, R.C., Yao, Q., South Atlantic meridional fluxes (2013) Deep-Sea Res, 1 (71), pp. 21-32
Gergis, J., Fowler, A.M., A history of ENSO events since A.D. 1525: Implications for future climate change (2009) Climatic Change, 92, pp. 343-387
Ghilain, N., Arboleda, A., Gellens-Meulenberghs, F., Evapotranspiration modelling at large scale using near-real time MSG SEVIRI derived data (2011) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 15, pp. 771-786
Gobron, N., Robustelli, M., Monitoring the state of the global terrestrial surfaces (2013) Proc. 2013 ESA Living Planet Symp, , Edinburgh, United Kingdom, European Space Agency, SP-722
Gobron, N., Belward, A.S., Pinty, B., Knorr, W., Monitoring biosphere vegetation 1998-2009 (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett, 37
Goddard, P., Yin, J., Griffies, S.M., Zhang, S., An extreme event of sea-level rise along the northeast coast of North America in 2009-2010 (2015) Nat. Commun, 6, p. 6346
Goldenberg, S.B., Shapiro, L.J., Physical mechanisms for the association of El Niño and West African rainfall with Atlantic major hurricane activity (1996) J. Climate, 9, pp. 1169-1187
Goldenberg, S.B., Landsea, C.W., Mestas-Nuñez, A.M., Gray, W.M., The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: Causes and implications (2001) Science, 293, pp. 474-479
Gong, T., Feldstein, S.B., Luo, D., The impact of ENSO on wave breaking and southern annular mode events (2010) J. Atmos. Sci., 67, pp. 2854-2870
Gong, T., Feldstein, S.B., Luo, D., A simple GCM study on the relationship between ENSO and the southern annular mode (2013) J. Atmos. Sci., 70, pp. 1821-1832
Goni, G.J., Trinanes, J.A., Ocean thermal structure monitoring could aid in the intensity forecast of tropical cyclones. Eos (2003) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 84, pp. 573-578
Goni, G.J., Knaff, J.A., Tropical cyclone heat potential [in “State of the Climate in 2008”] (2009) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90 (8), pp. S54-S56
Goni, G.J., Kamholz, S., Garzoli, S., Olson, D., Dynamics of the Brazil-Malvinas confluence based on inverted echo sounders and altimetry (1996) J. Geophys. Res, 101 (C7), pp. 16273-16289
Goni, G.J., Applications of satellite-derived ocean measurements to tropical cyclone intensity forecasting (2009) Oceanography, 22, pp. 190-197
Goni, G.J., Bringas, F., Dinezio, P.N., Observed low frequency variability of the Brazil Current front (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Goni, G.J., Knaff, J.A., Lin, I.-I., Tropical cyclone heat potential [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S121-S122
Gozzo, L.F., Da Rocha, R.P., Rebotia, M.S., Sugahara, S., Subtropical cyclones over the southwestern South Atlantic: Climatological aspects and case study (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 8543-8562
Granier, C., Evolution of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of air pollutants at global and regional scales during the 1980-2010 period (2011) Climatic Change, 109, pp. 163-190
Gray, W.M., Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms (1968) Mon. Wea. Rev, 96, pp. 669-700
Grebmeier, J.M., A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea (2006) Science, 311, pp. 1461-1464
Grebmeier, J.M., Moore, S.E., Overland, J.E., Frey, K.E., Gradinger, R., Biological response to recent Pacific Arctic sea ice retreats. Eos (2010) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 91, pp. 161-162
Guard, C.P., Lander, M.A., Northwest Pacific, Micronesia [in “State of the Climate in 2011”] (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, pp. S215-S218
Gugliemin, M., Worland, M.R., Cannone, N., Spatial and temporal variability of ground surface temperature and active layer thickness at the margin of maritime Antarctica, Signy Island (2012) Geomorphology, 155, pp. 20-33
Gugliemin, M., Dalle Fratte, M., Cannone, N., Permafrost warming and vegetation changes in continental Antarctica (2014) Environ. Res. Lett, 9
Guhathakurta, P., Rajeevan, M., Sikka, D.R., Tyagi, A., Observed changes in southwest monsoon rainfall over India during 1901-2011 (2015) Int. J. Climatol., 35, pp. 1881-1898
Guo, Y., Jiang, X., Waliser, D.E., Modulation of the convectively coupled Kelvin waves over South America and the tropical Atlantic Ocean in association with the Madden-Julian oscillation (2014) J. Atmos. Sci., 71, pp. 1371-1388
Guttman, N.B., Comparing the Palmer Drought Index and the Standardized Precipitation Index (1998) J. Amer. Water Res. Assoc., 34, pp. 113-121
Hagos, S.M., Cook, K.H., Ocean warming and late-twentieth-century Sahel drought and recovery (2008) J. Climate, 21, pp. 3797-3814
Haimberger, L., Upper air wind speed [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S35-S37
Haimberger, L., Tavolato, C., Sperka, S., Homogenization of the global radiosonde temperature dataset through combined comparison with reanalysis background series and neighboring stations (2012) J. Climate, 25, pp. 8108-8131
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., Lo, K., Global surface temperature change (2010) Rev. Geophys, 48
Hardy, A., (1967) Great Waters. Collins, p. 542
Harris, I., Jones, P.D., Osborn, T.J., Lister, D.H., Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations—The CRU TS3.10 dataset (2014) Int. J. Climatol., 34, pp. 623-642
Harris, N.R.P., Wuebbles, D.J., Scenarios and information for policymakers. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 55 (2014) World Meteorological Organization, , http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/chapters/2014OzoneAssessment.pdf, 5.1-5.58
Harris, N.R.P., Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone—Part 3: Analysis and interpretation of trends (2015) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 15, pp. 9965-9982
Hart, R.E., A cyclone phase space derived from thermal wind and thermal asymmetry (2003) Mon. Wea. Rev, 131, pp. 585-616
Hartmann, D.L., (2013) Observations: Atmosphere and Surface, pp. 159-254. , Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
Hawkings, J.R., Ice sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the oceans (2014) Nat. Commun, 5, p. 3929
Hayes, M.J., Svoboda, M.D., Wilhite, D.A., Varnyarkho, O.V., Monitoring the 1996 drought using the Standardized Precipitation Index (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, pp. 429-438
Heidinger, A.K., Foster, M.J., Walther, A., Zhao, X., The Pathfinder Atmospheres-Extended AVHRR climate dataset (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95, pp. 909-922
Helfrich, S., McNamara, D., Ramsay, B., Baldwin, T., Kasheta, T., Enhancements to, and forthcoming developments in the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) (2007) Hydrol. Processes, 21, pp. 1576-1586
Hendon, H., Zhang, C., Glick, J., Interannual variation of the Madden-Julian oscillation during austral summer (1999) J. Climate, 12, pp. 2538-2550
Hess, P.G., Zbinden, R., Stratospheric impact on tropospheric ozone variability and trends: 1990-2009 (2013) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 13, pp. 649-674
Hills, S., Gilbert, J.R., Detecting Pacific walrus population trends with aerial surveys (1994) Transactions of the 59Th North American Wilderness and Natural Resources Conference, pp. 201-210. , Wildlife management Institute
Hirschi, M., Mueller, B., Dorigo, W.A., Seneviratne, S.I., Using remotely sensed soil moisture for land-atmosphere coupling diagnostics: The role of surface vs. Root-zone soil moisture variability (2014) Remote Sens. Environ, 154, pp. 246-252
Ho, D.T., Wanninkhof, R., Air-sea gas exchange in the North Atlantic: 3He/SF6 Experiment during GasEx-98 (2016) Tellus, 68B, p. 30198
Ho, S.P., Zhou, X., Kuo, Y.H., Hunt, D., Wang, J.H., Global evaluation of radiosonde water vapor systematic biases using GPS radio occultation from COSMIC and ECMWF analysis (2010) Remote Sens., 2, pp. 1320-1330
Hobbs, W., Willis, J.K., Midlatitude North Atlantic heat transport: A time series based on satellite and drifter data (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 17
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Bruno, J.F., The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems (2010) Science, 328, pp. 1523-1528
Hofmann, D.J., Montzka, S.A., Recovery of the ozone layer (2009) Eos, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 90, pp. 1-2
Hofmann, D.J., Butler, J.H., Dlugokencky, E.J., Elkins, J.W., Masarie, K., Montzka, S.A., Tans, P., The role of carbon dioxide in climate forcing from 1979 to 2004: Introduction of the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (2006) Tellus, 58B, pp. 614-619
Hogg, A.M., Meredith, M.P., Chambers, D.P., Abrahamsen, E.P., Hughes, C.W., Morrison, A.K., Recent trends in the Southern Ocean eddy field (2015) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, pp. 257-267
Holland, P.R., The seasonality of Antarctic sea ice trends (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, pp. 4230-4237
Hollowed, A.B., Planque, B., Loeng, H., Potential movement of fish and shellfish stocks from the sub-Arctic to the Arctic Ocean (2013) Fish. Oceanogr, 22, pp. 355-370
Holmes, R.M., Climate change impacts on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of Arctic Rivers (2013) Global Impacts of Climate Change on Inland Waters, pp. 3-26. , C. R. Goldman, M. Kumagai, and R. D. Robarts, Eds., Wiley
Hu, C., Lee, Z., Franz, B.A., Chlorophyll-a algorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
Huang, B., Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature version 4 (ERSST. V4). Part I: Upgrade and intercomparison (2015) J. Climate, 28, pp. 911-930
Huang, C.-Y., Teng, W.-H., Ho, S.-P., Kuo, Y.-H., Global variation of COSMIC precipitable water over land: Comparisons with ground-based GPS measurements and NCEP reanalyses (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 5327-5331
Huffman, G.J., Bolvin, D.T., Adler, R.F., (2012) GPCP Version 2.2 SG Combined Precipitation Data Set (Last Updated, p. 2012. , https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/wdc/wdcamet-ncdc.html, World Data Center for Meteorology (Asheville), NCDC
Hughes, C.W., Woodworth, P.L., Meredith, M.P., Stepanov, V., Whitworth, T., Pyne, A., Coherence of Antarctic sea levels, Southern Hemisphere annular mode, and flow through Drake Passage (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett, 30, p. 1464
Hughes, C.W., Williams, J., Coward, A.C., De Cuevas, B.A., Antarctic circumpolar transport and the southern mode: A model investigation of interannul to decadal timescales (2014) Ocean Sci., 10, pp. 215-225
Huijnen, V., Fire carbon emissions over maritime Southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997 (2016) Sci. Rep, 6, p. 26886
Huss, M., Bauder, A., Funk, M., Homogenization of long-term mass-balance time series (2009) Ann. Glaciol., 50, pp. 198-206
Iacono, M., Azorin-Molina, C., (2014) Long-Term Declining Trends in Historical Wind Measurements at the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, 1885-2013, , 2014 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, American Geophysical Union, Abstract A23C-3241
Inness, A., The MACC reanalysis: An 8 yr data set of atmospheric composition. Atmos (2013) Chem. Phys., 13, pp. 4073-4109
Inness, A., Data assimilation of satellite-retrieved ozone, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide with ECMWF’s Composition-IFS (2015) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 15, pp. 5275-5303
Inness, A., Benedetti, A., Flemming, J., Huijnen, V., Kaiser, J.W., Parrington, M., Remy, S., The ENSO signal in atmospheric composition fields: Emission-driven versus dynamically induced changes (2015) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 15, pp. 9083-9097
Inoue, J., Hori, M.E., Arctic cyclogenesis at the marginal ice zone: A contributory mechanism for the temperature amplification? (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
(2014) Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, pp. 1-32. , C. B. Field, et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
Isaksen, K., Degrading mountain permafrost in southern Norway: Spatial and temporal variability of mean ground temperatures, 1999-2009 (2011) Permafr. Periglac. Process, 22, pp. 361-377
Ishihara, K., Calculation of global surface temperature anomalies with COBE-SST (In Japanese) (2006) Sokko-Jiho [Weather Service Bulletin], 73, pp. S19-S25. , (special issue)
Ishii, M., Kimoto, M., Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content variations with time-varying XBT and MBT depth bias corrections (2009) J. Oceanogr., 65, pp. 287-299
Jacob, T., Wahr, J., Pfeffer, W.T., Swenson, S., Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise (2012) Nature, 482, pp. 514-518
Jacobs, S.S., Giulivi, C.F., Large multidecadal salinity trends near the Pacific-Antarctic continental margin (2010) J. Climate, 23, pp. 4508-4524
Janicot, S., Harzallah, A., Fontaine, B., Moron, V., West African monsoon dynamics and eastern equatorial Atlantic and Pacific SST anomalies (1970-1988) (1998) J. Climate, 11, pp. 1874-1882
Janowiak, J., Xie, P., CAMS-OPI: A global satellite-rain gauge merged product for real-time precipitation monitoring applications (1999) J. Climate, 12, pp. 3335-3342
Jay, C.V., Marcot, B.G., Douglas, D.C., Projected status of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in the twenty-first century (2011) Polar Biol., 34, pp. 1065-1084
Jensen, T., Box, J.E., Hvidberg, C., A sensitivity study of yearly Greenland ice sheet marine terminating outlet glacier changes: 1999-2013 (2016) J. Glaciol., 62, pp. 72-81
Jin, X., Yu, L., Assessing high-resolution analysis of surface heat fluxes in the Gulf Stream region (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, pp. 5353-5375
Jin, X., Yu, L., Jackson, D.L., Wick, G.A., An improved near-surface specific humidity and air temperature climatology for the SSM/I satellite period (2015) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 32, pp. 412-433
Johannessen, O.M., Miles, M.W., Critical vulnerabilities of marine and sea ice-based ecosystems in the high Arctic (2011) Reg. Environ. Change, 11, pp. S239-S248
Johnson, G.C., Quantifying Antarctic Bottom Water and North Atlantic Deep Water volumes (2008) J. Geophys. Res., 113
Johnson, G.C., Lyman, J.M., Sea surface salinity [in “State of the Climate in 2011”] (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 93 (7), pp. S68-S69, S72
Johnson, G.C., Schmidtko, S., Lyman, J.M., Relative contributions of temperature and salinity to seasonal mixed layer density changes and horizontal density gradients (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
Johnson, G.C., Lyman, J.M., Willis, J.K., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Good, S.A., Domingues, C.M., Bindoff, N., Ocean heat content [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), pp. S54-S57
Johnson, G.C., McTaggart, K.E., Wanninkhof, R., Antarctic Bottom Water temperature changes in the western South Atlantic from 1989 to 2014 (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, pp. 8567-8577
Johnson, G.C., Ocean heat content [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 96 (7), pp. S64-S66, S68
Johnson, G.C., Lyman, J.M., Lagerloef, G.S.E., Kao, H.-Y., Sea surface salinity [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S71-S74
Jones, P.D., Lister, D.H., Osborn, T.J., Harpham, C., Salmon, M., Morice, C.P., Hemispheric and large-scale land surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2010 (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
Josey, S.A., Grist, J., Kieke, D., Yashayaev, I., Yu, L., Extraordinary ocean cooling and new dense water formation in the North Atlantic [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), p. 67
Joyce, R.J., Janowiak, J.E., Arkin, P.A., Xie, P., CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution (2004) J. Hydrometeor., 5, pp. 487-503
Joyce, T.M., New perspectives on eighteen-degree water formation in the North Atlantic (2012) J. Oceanogr., 68, pp. 45-52
Joyce, T.M., Deser, C., Spall, M.A., The relation between decadal variability of subtropical mode water and the North Atlantic Oscillation (2000) J. Climate, 13, pp. 2550-2569
Joyce, T.M., Thomas, L.N., Bahr, F.B., Wintertime observations of subtropical mode water formation within the Gulf Stream (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett, 36
Joyce, T.M., Thomas, L.N., Dewar, W.K., Girton, J.B., Eighteen degree water formation within the Gulf Stream during CLIMODE (2013) Deep-Sea Res, 2 (91), pp. 1-10
Jullion, L., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Meredith, M.P., Holland, P.R., Courtois, P., King, B.A., Decadal freshening of the Antarctic Bottom Water exported from the Weddell Sea (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 8111-8125
Jung, M., Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply (2010) Nature, 467, pp. 951-954
Kaiser, J.W., Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power (2012) Biogeosciences, 9, pp. 527-554
Kaiser, J.W., Benedetti, A., Chevallier, F., Flemming, J.A., Inness, A., Peuch, Y.-H., [Global Climate] Sidebar 2.3: Climate monitoring meets air quality forecasting in CAMS [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 96 (7), pp. S50-S51
Kalnay, E., The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, pp. 437-471
Kanamitsu, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Woollen, J., Yang, S.-K., Hnilo, J.J., Fiorino, M., Potter, G.L., NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2) (2002) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, pp. 1631-1643
Kang, S., Ahn, J.-B., Global energy and water balances in the latest reanalyses. Asia-Pac (2015) J. Atmos. Sci., 51, pp. 293-302
Kaplan, A., Sidebar 1.1: Patterns and indices of climate variability [in “State of the Climate in 2010”] (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92 (6), pp. S20-S25
Karl, T.R., Possible artifacts of data biases in the recent global surface warming hiatus (2015) Science, 348, pp. 1469-1472
Karlsson, K.-G., CLARA-A1: A cloud, albedo, and radiation dataset from 28 yr of global AVHRR data (2013) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 13, pp. 5351-5367
Karoly, D.J., Southern Hemisphere circulation features associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation events (1989) J. Climate, 2, pp. 1239-1252
Kato, S., Loeb, N.G., Rose, F.G., Doelling, D.R., Rutan, D.A., Caldwell, T.E., Yu, L., Weller, R.A., Surface irradiances consistent with CERES-derived top-of-atmosphere shortwave and longwave irradiances (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 2719-2740
Katsumata, K., Hakano, H., Kumamoto, Y., Dissolved oxygen change and freshening of Antarctic Bottom water along 62S in the Australian-Antarctic Basin between 1995/1996 and 2012/2013 (2015) Deep-Sea Res, 2 (114), pp. 27-38
Kayano, M., Kousky, V., Intra-seasonal (30-60 day) variability in the global tropics: Principal modes and their evolution (1999) Tellus, 51A, pp. 373-386
Kelly, P.S., Lwiza, K.M.M., Cowen, R.K., Goni, G.J., Low-salinity pools at Barbados, West Indies: Their origin, frequency, and variability (2000) J. Geophys. Res, 105, pp. 19699-19708
Kennedy, J.J., A review of uncertainty in in situ measurements and data sets of sea surface temperature (2014) Rev. Geophys., 52, pp. 1-32
Kennedy, J.J., How do we know the world has warmed? [in “State of the Climate in 2009”] (2010) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91 (6), pp. S26-S27
Kennedy, J.J., Rayner, N.A., Smith, R.O., Parker, D.E., Saunby, M., Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea-surface temperature observations since 1850: 1. Measurement and sampling errors (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Kennedy, J.J., Rayner, N.A., Smith, R.O., Parker, D.E., Saunby, M., Reassessing biases and other uncertainties in sea-surface temperature observations since 1850: 2. Biases and homogenisation (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Kent, E.C., Berry, D.I., Prytherch, J., Roberts, J.B., A comparison of global marine surface specific humidity datasets from in situ observations and atmospheric reanalysis (2014) Int. J. Climatol., 34, pp. 355-376
Khatiwala, S., Global ocean storage of anthropogenic carbon (2013) Biogeosciences, 10, pp. 2169-2191
Kiladis, G.N., Weickmann, K., Circulation anomalies associated with tropical convection during northern winter (1992) Mon. Wea. Rev, 120, pp. 1900-1923
Kiladis, G.N., Straub, K.H., Haertel, P.T., Zonal and vertical structure of the Madden-Julian oscillation (2005) J. Atmos. Sci., 62, pp. 2790-2809
Kiladis, G.N., Wheeler, M.C., Haertel, P.T., Straub, K.H., Roundy, P.E., Convectively coupled equatorial waves (2009) Rev. Geophys, 47
Kim, H., Oki, T., River discharge [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 96 (7), pp. S26-S27
Kim, H., Yeh, P.J., Oki, T., Kanae, S., Role of rivers in the seasonal variations of terrestrial water storage over global basins (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett., 36
Kim, J., Paik, K., Recent recovery of surface wind speed after decadal decrease: A focus on South Korea (2015) Climate Dyn., 45, pp. 1699-1712
Kimberlain, T.B., Blake, E.S., Cangialosi, J.P., Hurricane Patricia (EP202015) (2016) National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report, p. 32. , http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP202015_Patricia.pdf
Kimura, N., Wakatsuchi, M., Large-scale processes governing the seasonal variability of the Antarctic sea ice (2011) Tellus, 63A, pp. 828-840
Kirschke, S., Three decades of global methane sources and sinks. Nat (2013) Geosci., 6, pp. 813-823
Kjesbu, O.S., Bogstad, B., Devine, J.A., Gjøsæter, H., Howell, D., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Nash, R.D.M., Skjæraasen, J.E., Synergies between climate and management for Atlantic cod fisheries at high latitudes (2014) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, pp. 3478-3483
Klotzbach, P.J., Landsea, C.W., Extremely intense hurricanes: Revisiting Webster et al. (2005) after 10 years (2015) J. Climate, 28, pp. 7621-7629. , 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0188.1
Knaff, J.A., Zehr, R.M., Reexamination of tropical cyclone wind-pressure relationships (2007) Wea. Forecasting, 22, pp. 71-88
Knapp, K.R., Kruk, M.C., Levinson, D.H., Diamond, H.J., Neumann, C.J., The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone data (2010) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, pp. 363-376
Knapp, K.R., Knaff, J.A., Sampson, C.R., Riggio, G.M., Schnapp, A.D., A pressure-based analysis of the historical western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity record (2013) Mon. Wea. Rev, 141, pp. 2611-2631
Knudsen, E.M., Orsolini, Y.J., Furevik, T., Hodges, K.I., Observed anomalous atmospheric patterns in summers of unusual Arctic sea ice melt (2015) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, pp. 2595-2611
Knutson, T., Weickmann, K., 30-60 day atmospheric oscillations: Composite life cycles of convection and circulation anomalies (1987) Mon. Wea. Rev, 115, pp. 1407-1436
Ko, M.K.W., Recommended values for steady-state atmospheric lifetimes and their uncertainties (2013) SPARC Report on the Lifetimes of Stratospheric Ozone-Depleting Substances, Their Replacements, and Related Species, SPARC, , Rep. 6, WCRP-15/2013, 6-1-6-21
Kobayashi, S., The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics (2015) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 93, pp. 5-48
Kobayashi, S., (2016) The Climate Data Guide: JRA-55, , https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/jra-55
Kopp, G., Lean, J.L., A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
Kortsch, S., Primicerio, R., Fossheim, M., Dolgov, A.V., Aschan, M., Climate change alters the structure of Arctic marine food webs due to poleward shifts of boreal generalists (2015) Proc. Roy. Soc, 282B
Kossin, J.P., Vimont, D.J., A more general framework for understanding Atlantic hurricane variability and trends (2007) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, pp. 1767-1781
Kouketsu, S., Murata, A.M., Detecting decadal scale increases in anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, pp. 4594-4600
Koumoutsaris, S., Bey, I., Generoso, S., Thouret, V., Influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the interannual variability of tropospheric ozone in the northern midlatitudes (2008) J. Geophys. Res., 113
Kousky, V., Kayano, M., Principal modes of outgoing longwave radiation and 250-mb circulation for the South American sector (1994) J. Climate, 7, pp. 1131-1143
Kovacs, K.M., Global threats to pinnipeds (2012) Mar. Mamm. Sci, 28, pp. 414-436
Kovacs, K.M., Aars, J., Lydersen, C., Walruses recovering after 60+ years of protection at Svalbard, Norway (2014) Polar Res., 33, p. 26034
Kratz, D.P., Stackhouse, P.W., Jr., Gupta, S.K., Wilber, A.C., Sawaengphokhai, P., McGarragh, G.R., The Fast Longwave and Shortwave Flux (FLASHFlux) data product: Single scanner footprint fluxes (2014) J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 53, pp. 1059-1079
Krishnamurti, T.N., Subrahmanyam, D., The 30-50 day mode at 850 mb during MONEX (1982) J. Atmos. Sci., 39, pp. 2088-2095
Kug, J.-S., Jeong, J.-H., Jang, Y.-S., Kim, B.-M., Folland, C.K., Min, S.-K., Son, S.-W., Two distinct influences of Arctic warming on cold winters over North America and East Asia (2015) Nat. Geosci, 8, pp. 759-762
Kuhlbrodt, T., Griesel, A., Montoya, M., Levermann, A., Hofmann, M., Rahmstorf, S., On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (2007) Rev. Geophys, 45
Kumar, A., Jha, B., Wang, H., Attribution of SST variability in global oceans and the role of ENSO (2014) Climate Dyn., 43, pp. 209-220
Kuttippurath, J., Bodeker, G.E., Roscoe, H.K., Nair, P.J., A cautionary note on the use of EESC-based regression analysis for ozone trend studies (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 162-168
Kwok, R., Rothrock, D.A., Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008 (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett, 36
Kwok, R., Cunningham, G.F., Variability of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume from CryoSat-2 (2015) Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London, 373A, p. 2045
L’Heureux, M.L., Thompson, D.W.J., Observed relationships between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the extratropical zonal-mean circulation (2006) J. Climate, 19, pp. 276-287
Laidre, K.L., Arctic marine mammal population status, sea ice habitat loss, and conservation recommendations for the 21st century (2015) Conserv. Biol, 29, pp. 724-737
Landschützer, P., The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink (2015) Science, 349, pp. 1221-1224
Landsea, C.W., Franklin, J.L., Atlantic Hurricane Database Uncertainty and Presentation of a New Database Format (2013) Mon. Wea. Rev, 141, pp. 3576-3592
Lau, W.K., Waliser, D.E., (2012) Intraseasonal Variability in the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System, p. 642. , Springer
Laxon, S.W., CryoSat estimates of Arctic sea ice thickness and volume (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 732-737
Laybourn-Parry, J., James, M.R., McKnight, D.M., Priscu, J., Spaulding, S.A., Shiel, R., The microbial plankton of Lake Fryxell, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica during the summers of 1992 and 1994 (1997) Polar Biol, 17, pp. 54-61
Le Quéré, C., Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink due to recent climate change (2007) Science, 316, pp. 1735-1738
Le Quéré, C., Global carbon budget 2015 (2015) Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, pp. 349-396
Le Vine, D.M., Dinnat, E.P., Lagerloef, G.S.E., De Matthaeis, P., Abraham, S., Utku, C., Kao, H., Aquarius: Status and recent results (2014) Radio Sci., 49, pp. 709-720
Lee, H.-T., Climate Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (C-ATBD): Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR)-Daily (2014) NOAA’s Climate Data Record (CDR) Program, p. 46. , http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/sds/cdr/CDRs/Outgoing%20Longwave%20Radiation%20-%20Daily/AlgorithmDescription.pdf, CDRP-ATBD-0526
Lee, H.-T., NOAA climate data record (CDR) of monthly outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), version 2.2-1 (dates Feb 2000-Dec 2015) (2011) NOAA National Climatic Data Center, , data accessed 5 Feb
Lenaerts, J.T.M., Van Den Broeke, M.R., Modeling drifting snow in Antarctica with a regional climate model: 2. Results (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
Lentini, C., Goni, G.J., Olson, D., Investigation of Brazil Current rings in the conf luence region (2006) J. Geophys. Res., 111
Leung, F.-Y.T., Logan, J.A., Park, R., Hyer, E., Kasischke, E., Streets, D., Yurganov, L., Impacts of enhanced biomass burning in the boreal forests in 1998 on tropospheric chemistry and the sensitivity of model results to the injection height of emissions (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112
Levelt, P.F., The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (2006) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44 (5), pp. 1093-1101
Levitus, S., World Ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0-2000 m), 1955-2010 (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Li, R., Temporal and spatial variations of the active layer along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway in a permafrost region (2012) Chin. Sci. Bull, 57, pp. 4609-4616
Lin, H., Brunet, G., Derome, J., An observed connection between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Madden-Julian oscillation (2009) J. Climate, 22, pp. 364-380
Lin, I.-I., Wu, C.-C., Pun, I.-F., Ko, D.-S., Upper-ocean thermal structure and the western North Pacific category 5 typhoons. Part I: Ocean features and the category 5 typhoons’ intensification (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev, 136, pp. 3288-3306
Lin, I.-I., An ocean coupling potential intensity index for tropical cyclones (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 1878-1882
Lin, I.-I., Pun, I.-F., Lien, C.-C., Category-6 supertyphoon Haiyan in global warming hiatus: Contribution from subsurface ocean warming Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, pp. 8547-8553
Lin, M., Horowitz, L.W., Oltmans, S.J., Fiore, A.M., Fan, S., Tropospheric ozone trends at Mauna Loa Observatory tied to decadal climate variability (2014) Nat. Geosci, 7, pp. 136-143
Liu, H., Wang, L., Jezek, K., Wavelet-based edge detection approach to derivation of snow-melt onset, end and duration from satellite passive microwave measurements (2005) Int. J. Remote Sens., 26, pp. 4639-4660
Liu, H., Wang, L., Jezek, K., Spatiotemporal variations of snowmelt in Antarctica derived from satellite scanning multichannel microwave radiometer and Special Sensor Microwave Imager data (1978-2004) (2006) J. Geophys. Res., 111
Liu, Y.Y., Dorigo, W.A., Parinussa, R.M., De Jeu, R.A.M., Wagner, W., McCabe, M.F., Evans, J.P., Van Dijk, A.I.J.M., Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals (2012) Remote Sens. Environ, 123, pp. 280-297
Locarnini, R.A., (2013) Temperature, 1, p. 40. , https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa13/, World Ocean Atlas 2013, NOAA Atlas NESDIS
Loeb, N.G., Wielicki, B.A., Doelling, D.R., Smith, G.L., Keyes, D.F., Kato, S., Manalo-Smith, N., Wong, T., Toward optimal closure of the Earth’s top-of-atmosphere radiation budget (2009) J. Climate, 22, pp. 748-766
Loeb, N.G., Kato, S., Su, W., Wong, T., Rose, F., Doelling, D.R., Norris, J., Advances in understanding top-of-atmosphere radiation variability from satellite observations (2012) Surv. Geophys, 33, pp. 359-385
Loew, A., Stacke, T., Dorigo, W., De Jeu, R., Hagemann, S., Potential and limitations of multidecadal satellite soil moisture observations for selected climate model evaluation studies (2013) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 17, pp. 3523-3542
Long, C.S., Christy, J.R., Lower stratospheric temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 96 (7), pp. S14-S15
Lozier, M.S., Dave, A.C., Palter, J.B., Gerber, L.M., Barber, R.T., On the relationship between stratification and primary productivity in the North Atlantic (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
Lumpkin, R., Garzoli, S., Interannual to decadal changes in the western South Atlantic’s surface circulation (2010) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Surface currents [in “State of the Climate in 2010”] (2011) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92 (6), pp. S92-S95
Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Surface currents [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), pp. S65-S67
Luo, J.-J., [Tropics] Indian Ocean dipole [in “State of the Climate in 2012”] (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 94, pp. S105-S108
Luo, J.-J., Zhang, R., Behera, S.K., Masumoto, Y., Jin, F.-F., Lukas, R., Yamagata, T., Interaction between El Niño and extreme Indian Ocean dipole (2010) J. Climate, 23, pp. 726-742
Luo, J.-J., Sasaki, W., Masumoto, Y., Indian Ocean warming modulates Pacific climate change (2012) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, pp. 18701-18706
Luthcke, S.B., Sabaka, T.J., Loomis, B.D., Arendt, A.A., McCarthy, J.J., Camp, J., Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution (2013) J. Glaciol., 59, pp. 613-631
Lyman, J.M., Johnson, G.C., Estimating global ocean heat content changes in the upper 1800 m since 1950 and the influence of climatology choice (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 1945-1957
Madden, R., Julian, P., Detection of a 40-50 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the tropical Pacific (1971) J. Atmos. Sci., 28, pp. 702-708
Madden, R., Julian, P., Description of global-scale circulation cells in the tropics with a 40-50 day period (1972) J. Atmos. Sci., 29, pp. 1109-1123
Madden, R., Julian, P., Observations of the 40-50-day tropical oscillation: A review (1994) Mon. Wea. Rev, 122, pp. 814-837
Mainelli, M., Demaria, M., Shay, L., Goni, G., Application of oceanic heat content estimation to operational forecasting of recent Atlantic category 5 hurricanes. Wea (2008) Forecasting, 23, pp. 3-16
Makshtas, A.P., Bolshakova, I.I., Gun, R.M., Jukova, O.L., Ivanov, N.E., Shutilin, S.V., (2011) Climate of the Hydrometeorological Observatory Tiksi Region (In Russian), pp. 49-74. , Meteorological and Geophysical Investigations, Paulsen
Maloney, E.D., Hartmann, D.L., The Madden-Julian oscillation, barotropic dynamics, and North Pacific tropical cyclone formation. Part I: Observations (2001) J. Atmos. Sci., 58, pp. 2545-2558
Manney, G.L., Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011 (2011) Nature, 478, pp. 469-475
Manney, G.L., A minor sudden stratospheric warming with a major impact: Transport and polar processing in the 2014/2015 Arctic winter (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 7808-7816
Mantua, N.J., Hare, S.R., Zhang, Y., Wallace, J.M., Francis, R.C., A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production (1997) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, pp. 1069-1079
Marengo, J.A., Alves, L.M., Soares, W.R., Rodriguez, D.A., Camargo, H., Paredes Riveros, M., Diaz Pabló, A., Two contrasting seasonal extremes in tropical South America in 2012: Flood in Amazonia and drought in northeast Brazil (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 9137-9154
Marlier, M.E., El Niño and health risks from landscape fire emissions in Southeast Asia (2013) Nat. Climate Change, 3, pp. 131-136
Marshall, G.J., Trends in the southern annular mode from observations and reanalyses (2003) J. Climate, 16, pp. 4134-4143
Martin, R.V., Sauvage, B., Folkins, I., Sioris, C.E., Boone, C., Bernath, P., Ziemke, J., Space-based constraints on the production of nitric oxide by lightning (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112
Marzeion, B., Jarosch, A.H., Hofer, M., Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers (2012) Cryosphere, 6, pp. 1295-1322
Maslanik, J., Stroeve, J., (1999) Near-Real-Time DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Daily Polar Gridded Sea Ice Concentrations, , http://nsidc.org/data/docs/daac/nsidc0081_ssmi_nrt_seaice.gd.html, [data from 1 Jan 2015 to 15 Feb 2016]. National Snow and Ice Data Center, data accessed 2016
Maslanik, J., Stroeve, J., Fowler, C., Emery, W., Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011 (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
Massom, R.A., Extreme anomalous atmospheric circulation in the West Antarctic Peninsula region in austral spring and summer 2001/02, and its profound impact on sea ice and biota (2006) J. Climate, 19, pp. 3544-3571
Matear, R.J., McNeil, B.I., Decadal accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the Southern Ocean: A comparison of CFC-age derived estimates to multiple-linear regression estimates (2003) Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, p. 1113
Mayer, M., Trenberth, K.E., Haimberger, L., Fasullo, J.T., The response of tropical atmospheric energy budgets to ENSO (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 4710-4724
Mayer, M., Haimberger, L., Balmaseda, M.A., On the energy exchange between tropical ocean basins related to ENSO (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 6393-6403
McCabe, M.F., Ershadi, A., Jiménez, C., Miralles, D.G., Michel, D., Wood, E.F., The GEWEX LandFlux project: Evaluation of model evaporation using tower-based and globally gridded forcing data (2016) Geosci. Model Dev, 9, pp. 283-305
McCarthy, G.D., Haigh, I.D., Hirschi, J.J., Grist, J.P., Smeed, D.A., Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations (2015) Nature, 521, pp. 508-510
McClain, C.R., A decade of satellite ocean color observations (2009) Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, pp. 19-42
McClelland, J.W., Déry, S.J., Peterson, B.J., Holmes, R.M., Wood, E.F., A pan-Arctic evaluation of changes in river discharge during the latter half of the 20th century (2006) Geophys. Res. Lett, 33
McClelland, J.W., Holmes, R.M., Dunton, K.H., Macdonald, R., The Arctic Ocean estuary (2012) Estuaries Coasts, 35, pp. 353-368
McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J., The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales (1993) Eighth Conf. on Applied Climatology, pp. 179-184. , Anaheim, CA. Amer. Meteor. Soc
McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J., Drought monitoring with multiple time scales (1995) Ninth Conf. on Applied Climatology, pp. 233-236. , Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc
McKnight, D.M., Alger, A., Tate, C.M., Shupe, G., Spaulding, S.A., (1998) Longitudinal Patterns in Algal Abundance and Species Distribution in Meltwater Streams in Taylor Valley, , southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. J. C. Priscu, Ed., Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 72, Amer. Geophys. Union, 109-127
McKnight, D.M., Niyogi, D.K., Alger, A.S., Bomblies, A., Conovitz, P.A., Tate, C.M., Dry valley streams in Antarctica: Ecosystems waiting for water (1999) Bioscience, 49, pp. 985-995
McPeters, R.D., Bhartia, P.K., Haffner, D., Labow, G.J., Flynn, L., The version 8.6 SBUV ozone data record: An overview (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, pp. 8032-8039
McTaggart-Cowan, R., Bosart, L.F., Davis, C.A., Atallah, E.H., Gyakum, J.R., Emanuel, K.A., Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2006) Mon. Wea. Rev, 134, pp. 3029-3053
McVicar, T.R., Körner, C., On the use of elevation, altitude, and height in the ecological and climatological literature (2013) Oecologia, 171, pp. 335-337
McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G., Li, L.T., Roderick, M.L., Rayner, D.P., Ricciardulli, L., Donohue, R.J., Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975-2006: Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett, 35
McVicar, T.R., Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds: Implications for evaporation (2012) J. Hydrol., 416, pp. 182-205
Mears, C.A., Wentz, F.J., Construction of the RSS V3.2 lower-tropospheric temperature records from the MSU and AMSU microwave sounders (2009) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, pp. 1492-1509
Mears, C.A., Wentz, F.J., Sensitivity of satellite-derived tropospheric temperature trends to the diurnal cycle adjustment (2016) J. Climate, 29, pp. 3629-3646
Meehl, G.A., Hu, A., Arblaster, J.M., Fasullo, J., Trenberth, K.E., Externally forced and internally generated decadal climate variability associated with the interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 7298-7310
Menemenlis, D., Heimbach, P., Hill, C., Lee, T., Nguyen, A., Schodlok, M., Zhang, H., ECCO2: High-resolution global ocean and sea ice data synthesis (2008) Mercator Ocean Quarterly Newsletter, 31, pp. 13-21. , Mercator Ocean, Agne, France
Menne, M.J., Durre, I., Vose, R.S., Gleason, B.E., Houston, T.G., An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network-daily database (2012) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, pp. 897-910
Menzel, W.P., Frey, R.A., Borbas, E.E., Bearson, N., Baum, B., Chen, R., Cao, C., Recalibrating HIRS sensors to produce a 30 year record of radiance measurements (2014) Proc. EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conf, , Geneva, Switzerland, EUMETSAT
Meredith, M.P., Jullion, L., Brown, P.J., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Couldrey, M.P., Dense waters of the Weddell and Scotia Seas: Recent changes in properties and circulation (2014) Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 372A
Merrifield, M.A., Thompson, P.R., Lander, M., Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Michel, D., The WACMOS-ET project—Part 1: Tower-scale evaluation of four remote sensing-based evapotranspiration algorithms (2016) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 20, pp. 803-822
Miller, B.R., HFC-23 (CHF3) emission trend response to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production and recent HFC-23 emission abatement measures (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 10, pp. 7875-7890
Minnis, P., Cloud detection in nonpolar regions for CERES using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS data (2008) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46, pp. 3857-3884
Minnis, P., (2015) Long-Term Cloud Property Datasets from MODIS and AVHRR Using the CERES Cloud Algorithm. Proc, p. 2015. , EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conf., Toulouse, France, EUMETSAT
Miralles, D.G., Holmes, T.R.H., De Jeu, R.A.M., Gash, J.H., Meesters, A.G.C.A., Dolman, A.J., Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations (2011) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 15, pp. 453-469
Miralles, D.G., El Niño-La Niña cycle and recent trends in continental evaporation (2014) Nat. Climate Change, 4, pp. 122-126
Miralles, D.G., El Niño-La Niña cycle and recent trends in continental evaporation (2014) Nat. Clim. Change, 4, pp. 122-126
Miralles, D.G., El Niño-La Niña cycle and recent trends in continental evaporation (2014) Nature Climate Change, 4, pp. 122-126
Miralles, D.G., The WACMOS-ET project—Part 2: Evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets (2016) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 20, pp. 823-842
Mo, K.C., The association between intraseasonal oscillations and tropical storms in the Atlantic basin (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev, 128, pp. 4097-4107
Mo, K.C., Ghil, M., Statistics and dynamics of persistent anomalies (1987) J. Atmos. Sci., 44, pp. 877-902
Mo, K.C., Kousky, V.E., Further analysis of the relationship between circulation anomaly patterns and tropical convection (1993) J. Geophys. Res., 98 (D3), pp. 5103-5113
Montes-Hugo, M., Doney, S.C., Ducklow, H.W., Fraser, W., Martinson, D., Stammerjohn, S.E., Schofield, O., Recent changes in phytoplankton communities associated with rapid regional climate change along the Western Antarctic Peninsula (2009) Science, 323, pp. 1470-1473
Montzka, S.A., Recent trends in global emissions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons: Reflecting on the 2007 adjustments to the Montreal Protocol (2015) J. Phys. Chem., 119A, pp. 4439-4449
Morice, C.P., Kennedy, J.J., Rayner, N.A., Jones, P.D., Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates: The HadCRUT4 dataset (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
Moscatello, A., Miglietta, M.M., Rotunno, R., Numerical analysis of a Mediterranean “hurricane” over southeastern Italy (2008) Mon. Wea. Rev, 136, pp. 4373-4397
Mote, T.L., Greenland surface melt trends 1973-2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007 (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett, 34
Mu, Q., Heinsch, F.A., Zhao, M., Running, S.W., Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data (2007) Remote Sens. Environ, 111, pp. 519-536
Mueller, B., Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration: LandFlux-EVAL multi-dataset synthesis (2013) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 17, pp. 3707-3720
Mueter, F.J., Litzow, M.A., Sea ice retreat alters the biogeography of the Bering Sea continental shelf (2008) Ecol. Appl, 18, pp. 309-320
Mühle, J., Perfluorocarbons in the global atmosphere: Tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, and octafluoropropane (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 10, pp. 5145-5164
Mullan, A.B., Intertropical convergence zones (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 95 (7), pp. S103-S104. , [in “State of the Climate in 2013”]
Müller, R., Grooß, J.-U., Lemmen, C., Heinze, D., Dameris, M., Bodeker, G., Simple measures of ozone depletion in the polar stratosphere (2008) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 8, pp. 251-264
Münnich, M., Neelin, J.D., Seasonal influence of ENSO on the Atlantic ITCZ and equatorial South America (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett, 32
Munro, D.R., Lovenduski, N.S., Takahashi, T., Stephens, B.B., Newberger, T., Sweeney, C., Recent evidence for a strengthening CO2 sink in the Southern Ocean from carbonate system measurements in the Drake Passage (2002-2015) (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 7623-7630
Murata, A., Kumamoto, Y., Watanabe, S., Fukasawa, M., Decadal increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the South Pacific subtropical ocean along 32°S (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112
Murata, A., Kumamoto, Y., Sasaki, K., Watanabe, S., Fukasawa, M., Decadal increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean along 30°S (2008) J. Geophys. Res., 113
Murata, A., Kumamoto, Y., Sasaki, K., Watanabe, S., Fukasawa, M., Decadal increases of anthropogenic CO2 along 149°E in the western North Pacific (2009) J. Geophys. Res., 114
Murata, A., Kumamoto, Y., Sasaki, K., Watanabe, S., Fukasawa, M., Decadal increases in anthropogenic CO2 along 20°S in the South Indian Ocean (2010) J. Geophys. Res., 115
Murphy, B.F., Ribbe, J., Variability of southeast Queensland rainfall and climate indices (2004) Int. J. Climatol., 24, pp. 703-721
Murray, L.T., Logan, J.A., Jacob, D.J., Interannual variability in tropical tropospheric ozone and OH: The role of lightning (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 118, pp. 11468-11480
Myhre, G., (2013) Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, pp. 659-740. , T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
Nair, P.J., Subtropical and midlatitude ozone trends in the stratosphere: Implications for recovery (2015) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, pp. 7247-7257
Nakazawa, T., Hoshino, S., Intercomparison of Dvorak parameters in the tropical cyclone datasets over the western North Pacific (2009) SOLA, 5, pp. 33-36
Nelson, N.B., Siegel, D.A., Global distribution and dynamics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (2013) Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 5, pp. 447-476
Nemani, R.R., Running, S.W., Estimation of regional surface resistance to evapotranspiration from NDVI and thermal-IR AVHRR data (1989) J. Appl. Meteor., 28, pp. 276-284
Newman, P.A., Daniel, J.S., Waugh, D.W., Nash, E.R., A new formulation of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) (2007) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 7, pp. 4537-4552
Nghiem, S.V., Hall, D.K., Mote, T.L., Tedesco, M., Albert, M.R., Keegan, K., Shuman, C.A., Neumann, G., The extreme melt across the Greenland ice sheet in 2012 (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) (2016) NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, , http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/enso/mei/
Nobre, C.A., Marengo, J.A., Seluchi, M.E., Cuartas, L.A., Alvess, L.M., Some characteristics and impacts of the drought and water crisis in southeastern Brazil during 2014 and 2015 (2016) J. Water Resour. Prot., 8, pp. 252-262
Nobre, P., Shukla, J., Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America (1996) J. Climate, 9, pp. 2464-2479
Nordli, Ö., Przybylak, R., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Isaksen, K., Long-term temperature trends and variability on Spitsbergen: The extended Svalbard Airport temperature series, 1898-2012 (2014) Polar Res, 33
O’Reilly, C.M., Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 10771-10781
Olsen, A., Magnitude and origin of the anthropogenic CO2 increase and 13C Suess effect in the Nordic seas since 1981 (2006) Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 20
Onogi, K., The JRA-25 Reanalysis (2007) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85, pp. 369-432
Orsi, A., Whitworth, T., III, Nowlin, W., Jr., On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (1995) Deep-Sea Res, 2 (42), pp. 641-673
Ostrovsky, I., Rimmer, A., Yacobi, Y.Z., Nishri, A., Sukenik, A., Hadas, O., Zohary, T., Long-term changes in the Lake Kinneret ecosystem: The effects of climate change and anthropogenic factors (2013) Climatic Change and Global Warming of Inland Waters: Impacts and Mitigation for Ecosystems and Societies, pp. 271-293. , C. R. Goldman, M. Kumagai, and R. D. Robarts, Eds., Wiley
Otto, F.E.L., Factors other than climate change, main drivers of 2014/15 water shortage in southeast Brazil [in “Explaining Extreme Events from a Climate Perspective”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (12), pp. S35-S40
Oudrari, H., McIntire, J., Xiong, X., Butler, J., Lee, S., Lei, N., Schwarting, T., Sun, J., Prelaunch radiometric characterization and calibration of the S-NPP VIIRS Sensor (2015) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 53, pp. 2195-2210
Overeem, I., Syvitski, J.P.M., Shifting discharge peaks in Arctic rivers, 1977-2007 (2010) Geogr. Ann, 92A, pp. 285-296
Overland, J., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Kim, S.-J., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Bhatt, U.S., Air temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S128-S129
Overland, J.E., The case for global warming in the Arctic (2009) Influence of Climate Change on the Changing Arctic and Sub-Arctic Conditions, pp. 13-23. , J. C. J. Nihoul and A. G. Kostianoy, Eds., Springer
Overland, J.E., Wood, K.R., Wang, M., Warm Arctic-cold continents: Impacts of the newly open Arctic Sea (2011) Polar Res., 30, p. 15787
Palmer, M.D., Haines, K., Tett, S.F.B., Ansell, T.J., Isolating the signal of ocean global warming (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett, 34
Palmer, W.C., Meteorological drought. Weather Bureau Research Paper 45, U.S (1965) Department of Commerce, p. 58
Panda, D.K., Wahr, J., Spatiotemporal evolution of water storage changes in India from the updated GRACE-derived gravity records (2016) Water Resour. Res, 52, pp. 135-149
Pantillon, F.P., Chaboureau, J.P., Mascart, P.J., Lac, C., Predictability of a Mediterranean tropical-like storm downstream of the extratropical transition of Hurricane Helene (2006) (2013) Mon. Wea. Rev, 141, pp. 1943-1962
Parinussa, R.M., De Jeu, R., Wagner, W., Dorigo, W., Fang, F., Teng, W., Liu, Y.Y., [Global Climate] Soil moisture [in “State of the Climate in 2012”] (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 94, pp. S24-S25
Park, G.-H., Variability of global net sea-air CO2 fluxes over the last three decades using empirical relationships (2010) Tellus, 62B, pp. 352-368
Park, S., Trends and seasonal cycles in the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide since 1940 (2012) Nat. Geosci, 5, pp. 261-265
Parker, D.E., Legg, T.P., Folland, C.K., A new daily central England temperature series, 1772-1991 (1992) Int. J. Climatol., 12, pp. 317-342
Parrish, D.D., Long-term changes in lower tropospheric baseline ozone concentrations: Comparing chemistry-climate models and observations at northern midlatitudes (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, pp. 5719-5736
Paulik, C., Dorigo, W., Wagner, W., Kidd, R., Validation of the ASCAT Soil Water Index using in situ data from the International Soil Moisture Network (2014) Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinfo., 30, pp. 1-8
Pawson, S., Update on global ozone: Past, present, and future. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep. 55 (2014) World Meteorological Organization, pp. 1-2. , http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2014/chapters/2014OzoneAssessment.pdf
Pelto, M., Forecasting temperate alpine glacier survival from accumulation zone observations (2010) Cryosphere, 4, pp. 67-75
Peng, T.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Increase in anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean in the last two decades (2010) Deep-Sea Res, 1 (57), pp. 755-770
Peng, T.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J.L., Feely, R.A., Takahashi, T., Quantification of decadal anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the ocean based on dissolved inorganic carbon measurements (1998) Nature, 396, pp. 560-563
Peng, T.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R.A., Increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the Pacific Ocean over the last two decades (2003) Deep-Sea Res, 2 (50), pp. 3065-3082
Perez, R.C., Measuring the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (2015) Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 49, pp. 167-177
(2013) Permafrost in Switzerland 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, p. 80. , http://www.permos.ch/publications.html, Glaciological Report (Permafrost) No. 10/11 of the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, J. Noetzli, Ed
Peterson, B.J., Holmes, R.M., McClelland, J.W., Vorosmarty, C.J., Lammers, R.B., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, I.A., Rahmstorf, S., Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean (2002) Science, 298, pp. 2171-2173
Peterson, T.C., Vose, R.S., An overview of the Global Historical Climatology Network temperature database (1997) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, pp. 2837-2849
Petrie, R.E., Shaffrey, L.C., Sutton, R.T., Atmospheric impact of Arctic sea ice loss in a coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation (2015) J. Climate, 28, pp. 9606-9622
Petty, A.A., Holland, P.R., Feltham, D.L., Sea ice and the ocean mixed layer over the Antarctic shelf seas (2014) Cryosphere, 8, pp. 761-783
Pfeffer, W.T., The Randolph Glacier Inventory: A globally complete inventory of glaciers (2014) J. Glaciol., 60, pp. 537-552
Pinty, B., Land surface albedo [in “State of the Climate in 2011”] (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93 (7), pp. S52-S53
Pinty, B., Exploiting the MODIS albedos with the Two-stream Inversion Package (JRC-TIP): 1. Effective leaf area index, vegetation, and soil properties (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Pinty, B., Andredakis, I., Clerici, M., Kaminski, T., Taberner, M., Verstraete, M.M., Gobron, N., Widlowski, J.-L., Fractions of transmitted and absorbed fluxes in the Vegetation and Soil layers (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Pithan, F., Mauritsen, T., Arctic amplification dominated by temperature feedbacks in contemporary climate models (2014) Nat. Geosci, 7, pp. 181-184
Pitts, M.C., Poole, L.R., Thomason, L.W., CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: Second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination (2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 9, pp. 7577-7589
Po-Chedley, S., Thorsen, T.J., Fu, Q., Removing diurnal cycle contamination in satellite-derived tropospheric temperatures: Understanding tropical tropospheric trend discrepancies (2015) J. Climate, 28, pp. 2274-2290
Price, J.C., Estimation of regional scale evapotranspiration through analysis of satellite thermal-infrared data (1982) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 3, pp. 286-292
Pryor, S.C., Wind speed trends over the contiguous United States (2009) J. Geophys. Res., 114
Pun, I.-F., Lin, I.-I., Lo, M.-H., Recent increase in high tropical cyclone heat potential area in the western North Pacific Ocean (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 4680-4684
Purkey, S.G., Johnson, G.C., Warming of global abyssal and deep Southern Ocean waters between the 1990s and 2000s: Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets (2010) J. Climate, 23, pp. 6336-6351
Purkey, S.G., Johnson, G.C., Global contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water between the 1980s and 2000s (2012) J. Climate, 25, pp. 5830-5844
Purkey, S.G., Johnson, G.C., Antarctic Bottom Water warming and freshening: Contributions to sea level rise, ocean freshwater budgets, and global heat gain (2013) J. Climate, 26, pp. 6105-6122
Quay, P., Sonnerup, R., Stutsman, J., Maurer, J., Körtzinger, A., Padin, X.A., Robinson, C., Anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rates in the North Atlantic Ocean from changes in the 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon (2007) Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21
Raga, G.B., Bracamontes-Ceballos, B., Farfán, L., Romero-Centeno, R., Landfalling tropical cyclones on the Pacific coast of Mexico: 1850-2010 (2013) Atmósfera, 26, pp. 209-220
Rahmstorf, S., Box, J.E., Feulner, G., Mann, M.E., Robinson, A., Rutherford, S., Schaernicht, E.J., Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nat (2015) Climate Change, 5, pp. 475-480
Ramella-Pralungo, L.R., Haimberger, L., Stickler, A., Brönnimann, S., A global radiosonde and tracked balloon archive on 16 pressure levels (GRASP) back to 1905. Part 1: Merging and interpolation to 00:00 and 12:00 GMT (2014) Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, pp. 185-200
Rand, K.M., Logerwell, E.A., The first demersal trawl survey of benthic fish and invertebrates in the Beaufort Sea since the late 1970s (2011) Polar Biol., 34, pp. 475-488
Randel, W.J., Wu, F., Isolation of the ozone QBO in SAGE II data by singular-value decomposition (1996) J. Atmos. Sci., 53, pp. 2546-2559
Rasmusson, E.M., Carpenter, T.H., Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Nino (1982) Mon. Wea. Rev, 110, pp. 354-384
Rasmusson, E.M., Wallace, J.M., Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (1983) Science, 222, pp. 1195-1202
Ravishankara, A.R., Daniel, J.S., Portmann, R.W., Nitrous oxide (N2O): The dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century (2009) Science, 326, pp. 123-125
Rawlins, M.A., Analysis of the Arctic system freshwater cycle intensification: Observations and expectations (2010) J. Climate, 23, pp. 5715-5737
Rayner, N.A., Parker, D.E., Horton, E.B., Folland, C.K., Alexander, L.V., Rowell, D.P., Kent, E.C., Kaplan, A., Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century (2003) J. Geophys. Res., 108, p. 4407
Reichle, R.H., Liu, Q., Observation-corrected precipitation estimates in GEOS-5 (2014) NASA/TM-2014-104606, 35, p. 18. , http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/tm/docs/Reichle734.pdf
Reid, P., Stammerjohn, S., Massom, R., Scambos, T., Lieser, J., The record 2013 Southern Hemisphere sea-ice extent maximum (2015) Ann. Glaciol., 56, pp. 99-106
Remer, L.A., The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products and validation (2005) J. Atmos. Sci., 62, pp. 947-973
Remy, S., Kaiser, J.W., Daily global fire radiative power fields estimation from one or two MODIS instruments (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 14, pp. 13377-13390
Renaud, P.E., Berge, J., Varpe, Ø., Lønne, O.J., Nahrgang, J., Ottesen, C., Hallanger, I., Is the poleward expansion by Atlantic cod and haddock threatening native polar cod, Boreogadus saida? (2012) Polar Biol., 35, pp. 401-412
Reynolds, R.W., Rayner, N.A., Smith, T.M., Stokes, D.C., Wang, W., An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate (2002) J. Climate, 15, pp. 1609-1625
Reynolds, R.W., Smith, T.M., Liu, C., Chelton, D.B., Casey, K.S., Schlax, M.G., Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature (2007) J. Climate, 20, pp. 5473-5496
Rhein, M., (2013) Observations: Ocean, pp. 255-316. , T. F. Stocker et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
Riddle, E., Stoner, M., Johnson, N., L’Heureux, M., Collins, D., Feldstein, S., The impact of the MJO on clusters of wintertime circulation anomalies over the North American region (2013) Climate Dyn., 40, pp. 1749-1766
Ridley, D.A., Total volcanic stratospheric aerosol optical depths and implications for global climate change (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, pp. 7763-7769
Riffler, M., Lieberherr, G., Wunderle, S., Lake surface water temperatures of European Alpine lakes (1989-2013) based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km data set (2015) Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, pp. 1-17
Rignot, E., Jacobs, S., Mouginot, J., Scheuchl, B., Ice-shelf melting around Antarctica (2013) Science, 341, pp. 266-270
Rimmer, A., Gal, G., Opher, T., Lechinsky, Y., Yacobi, Y.Z., Mechanisms of long-term variations of the thermal structure in a warm lake (2011) Limnol. Oceanogr, 56, pp. 974-988
Riser, S.C., Fifteen years of ocean observations with the global Argo array (2016) Nat. Climate Change, 6, pp. 145-153
Rodell, M., Famiglietti, J.S., An analysis of terrestrial water storage variations in Illinois with implications for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) (2001) Water Resour. Res, 37, pp. 1327-1339
Rodell, M., Velicogna, I., Famiglietti, J.S., Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India (2009) Nature, 460, pp. 999-1002
Rödenbeck, C., Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability—First results of the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping Intercomparison (SOCOM) (2015) Biogeosciences, 12, pp. 7251-7278
Roderick, M.L., Rotstayn, L.D., Farquhar, G.D., Hobbins, M.T., On the attribution of changing pan evaporation (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett, 34
Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., The 2004-2008 mean and annual cycle of temperature, salinity, and steric height in the global ocean from the Argo Program (2009) Prog. Oceanogr, 82, pp. 81-100
Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., The global ocean imprint of ENSO (2011) Geophys. Res. Let T, 38
Roemmich, D., Gilson, J., Davis, R., Sutton, P., Wijffels, S., Riser, S., Decadal spinup of the South Pacific subtropical gyre (2007) J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, pp. 162-173
Roemmich, D., Church, J., Gilson, J., Monselesan, D., Sutton, P., Wijffels, S., Unabated planetary warming and its ocean structure since 2006 (2015) Nat. Climate Change, 5, pp. 240-245
Rohde, R., A new estimate of the average Earth surface land temperature spanning 1753 to 2011 (2013) Geoinfor. Geostat. Overview, 1 (1)
Romanovsky, V.E., Cable, W.L., Kholodov, A.L., Changes in permafrost and active-layer temperatures along an Alaskan permafrost-ecological transect (2015) Proc. 68Th Canadian Geotechnical Conf. and Seventh Canadian Conf. on Permafrost (GEOQuébec 2015), , Québec, Canada, GEOQuébec 2015, Paper 479
Ropelewski, C.F., Halpert, M.S., Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (1987) Mon. Wea. Rev, 115, pp. 1606-1626
Roundy, P.E., The spectrum of convectively coupled Kelvin waves and the Madden-Julian oscillation in regions of low-level easterly and westerly background flow (2012) J. Atmos. Sci., 69, pp. 2107-2111
Roundy, P.E., Observed structure of convectively coupled waves as a function of equivalent depth: Kelvin waves and the Madden-Julian oscillation (2012) J. Atmos. Sci., 69, pp. 2097-2106
Ryan, S., The wind field around Mauna Loa derived from surface and balloon observations (1997) J. Geophys. Res, 102 (D9), pp. 10711-10725
Rydbeck, A.V., Maloney, E.D., Energetics of east Pacific easterly waves during intraseasonal events (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 7603-7621
Saba, G.K., Winter and spring controls of the summer marine food web in the Western Antarctic Peninsula (2014) Nat. Commun, 5, p. 4318
Saba, V.S., Enhanced warming of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean under climate change (2016) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 121, pp. 118-132
Sabine, C.L., Tanhua, T., Estimation of anthropogenic CO2 inventories in the ocean (2010) Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, pp. 175-198
Sabine, C.L., Feely, R.A., Millero, F.J., Dickson, A.G., Langdon, C., Mecking, S., Greeley, D., Decadal changes in Pacific carbon (2008) J. Geophys. Res., 113
Saha, S., The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (2010) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, pp. 1015-1057
Saha, S., (2010) NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) Selected Hourly Time-Series Products, , January 1979 to December 2010
(2016) Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, , data accessed January
Sailley, S.F., Ducklow, H.W., Moeller, H.V., Fraser, W.R., Schofield, O.M., Steinberg, D.K., Garzio, L.M., Doney, S.C., Carbon fluxes and pelagic ecosystem dynamics near two western Antarctic Peninsula Adélie penguin colonies: An inverse model approach (2013) Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 492, pp. 253-272
Sallée, J.B., Speer, K., Morrow, R., Southern Ocean fronts and their variability to climate modes (2008) J. Climate, 21, pp. 3020-3039
Sauvage, B., Martin, R.V., Van Donkelaar, A., Ziemke, J.R., Quantification of the factors controlling tropical tropospheric ozone and the South Atlantic maximum (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112
Schaaf, C.B., First operational BRDF, albedo nadir ref lectance products from MODIS. Remote Sens (2002) Environ., 83, pp. 135-148
Schanze, J.J., Schmitt, R.W., Yu, L.L., The global oceanic freshwater cycle: A state-of-the-art quantification (2010) J. Mar. Res., 68, pp. 569-595
Schauffler, S.M., Chlorine budget and partitioning during the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) (2003) J. Geophys. Res., 108, p. 4173
Schmidt, G., (2016) 2015 temperatures, , www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/01/2015-temperatures/, RealClimate.org. Accessed April
Schneider, U., Becker, A., Finger, P., Meyer-Christoffer, A., Ziese, M., (2015) GPCC Monitoring Product: Near Real-Time Monthly Land-Surface Precipitation from Rain-Gauges Based on SYNOP and CLIMAT Data
Schreck, C.J., Kelvin waves and tropical cyclogenesis: A global survey (2015) Mon. Wea. Rev, 143, pp. 3996-4011
Schreck, C.J., Molinari, J., Tropical cyclogenesis associated with Kelvin waves and the Madden-Julian oscillation (2011) Mon. Wea. Rev, 139, pp. 2723-2734
Schreck, C.J., Molinari, J., Aiyyer, A., A global view of equatorial waves and tropical cyclogenesis (2012) Mon. Wea. Rev, 140, pp. 774-788
Schreck, C.J., Cordeira, J.M., Margolin, D., Which MJO events affect North American temperatures? (2013) Mon. Wea. Rev, 141, pp. 3840-3850
Schreck, C.J., Knapp, K.R., Kossin, J.P., The impact of best track discrepancies on global tropical cyclone climatologies using IBTrACS (2014) Mon. Wea. Rev, 142, pp. 3881-3899
Send, U., Lankhorst, M., Kanzow, T., Observation of decadal change in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation using 10 years of continuous transport data (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
Serreze, M., Barry, R., Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis (2011) Global Planet. Change, 77, pp. 85-96
Shadwick, E.H., Glacier tongue calving reduced dense water formation and enhanced carbon uptake (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 904-909
Shay, L.K., Goni, G.J., Black, P.G., Effects of a warm oceanic feature on Hurricane Opal (2000) Mon. Wea. Rev, 128, pp. 1366-1383
Sheffield, J., Wood, E.F., Roderick, M.L., Little change in global drought over the past 60 years (2012) Nature, 491, pp. 435-438
Shepherd, T.G., Reconciliation of halogen-induced ozone loss with the total-column ozone record (2014) Nat. Geosci, 7, pp. 443-449
Sherwood, S.C., Nishant, N., Atmospheric changes through 2012 as shown by iteratively homogenised radiosonde temperature and wind data (IUKv2). Environ. Res (2015) Lett., 10
Shi, L., Bates, J.J., Three decades of intersatellite-calibrated High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder upper tropospheric water vapor (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Shiklomanov, A.I., Lammers, R.B., Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis (2009) Environ. Res. Lett, 4
Shiklomanov, N.I., Streletskiy, D.A., Nelson, F.E., Northern Hemisphere component of the global Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program (2012) Proc. 10Th Int. Conf. on Permafrost, 1, pp. 377-382. , Salekhard, Russia
Shimada, K., Aoki, S., Ohshima, K.I., Rintoul, S.R., Influence of Ross Sea Bottom Water changes on the warming and freshening of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Australian-Antarctic Basin (2012) Ocean Sci., 8, pp. 419-432
Siegel, D.A., Maritorena, S., Nelson, N.B., Behrenfeld, M.J., McClain, C.R., Colored dissolved organic matter and its influence on the satellite-based characterization of the ocean biosphere (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett, 32
Siegel, D.A., Regional to global assessments of phytoplankton dynamics from the SeaWiFS mission (2013) Remote Sens. Environ, 135, pp. 77-91
Simmons, A.J., Poli, P., Arctic warming in ERA-Interim and other analyses (2014) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 141B, pp. 1147-1162
Simmons, A.J., Willett, K.M., Jones, P.D., Thorne, P.W., Dee, D., Low-frequency variations in surface atmospheric humidity, temperature and precipitation: Inferences from reanalyses and monthly gridded observational datasets (2010) J. Geophys. Res., 115
Singh, O.P., Ali Khan, T.M., Rahman, S., Changes in the frequency of tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean (2000) Meteor. Atmos. Phys, 75, pp. 11-20
Skliris, N., Marsh, R., Josey, S.A., Good, S.A., Liu, C., Allan, R.P., Salinity changes in the World Ocean since 1950 in relation to changing surface freshwater flux (2014) Climate Dyn., 43, pp. 709-736
Slade, S.A., Maloney, E.D., An intraseasonal prediction model of Atlantic and East Pacific tropical cyclone genesis (2013) Mon. Wea. Rev, 141, pp. 1925-1942
Smeed, D.A., Observed decline of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 2004-2012 (2014) Ocean Sci, 10, pp. 29-38
Smeed, D.A., McCarthy, G.D., Rayner, D., Moat, B.I., Johns, W.E., Baringer, M.O., Meinen, C.S., Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26°N from 2004 to 2014 (2015) British Oceanographic Data Centre-Natural Environment Research Council
Smith, R.C., Stammerjohn, S.E., Baker, K.S., Surface air temperature variations in the western Antarctic peninsula region. Foundations for Ecological Research West of the Antarctic Peninsula (1996) Amer. Geophys. Union, pp. 105-121. , R. M. Ross, E. E. Hofmann, and L. B. Quetin, Eds
Smith, S., Brown, J., Assessment of the status of the development of the standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables (T7): Permafrost and seasonally frozen ground (2009) Global Terrestrial Observing System Rep, 62, p. 24. , www.fao.org/gtos/doc/ecvs/t07/t07.pdf
Smith, S.L., Lewkowicz, A.G., Duchesne, C., Ednie, M., Variability and change in permafrost thermal state in northern Canada (2015) Proc. 68Th Canadian Geotechnical Conf. and Seventh Canadian Conf. on Permafrost (GEOQuébec 2015), , Québec. GEOQuébec 2015, Paper 237
Smith, T.M., Reynolds, R.W., A high-resolution global sea surface temperature climatology for the 1961-90 base period (1998) J. Climate, 11, pp. 3320-3323
Smith, T.M., Reynolds, R.W., Peterson, T.C., Lawrimore, J., Improvements to NOAA’s historical merged land-ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006) (2008) J. Climate, 21, pp. 2283-2296
Sobel, A.H., Kim, D., The MJO-Kelvin wave transition (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Solomon, S., Rosenlof, K.H., Portmann, R.W., Daniel, J.S., Davis, S.M., Sanford, T.J., Plattner, G.-K., Contributions of stratospheric water vapor to decadal changes in the rate of global warming (2010) Science, 327, pp. 1219-1223
Solomon, S., Daniel, J.S., Neely, R.R., III, Vernier, J.-P., Dutton, E.G., Thomason, L.W., The persistently variable “background” stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change (2011) Science, 333, pp. 866-870
Song, J.-J., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Trend discrepancies among three best track data sets of western North Pacific tropical cyclones (2010) J. Geophys. Res., 115
Spencer, R.W., Christy, J.R., Braswell, W.D., Version 6.0 of the UAH temperature dataset released: New LT trend = +0.11 C/decade (2016) Accessed May, p. 2016. , http://www.drroyspencer.com/2015/04/version-6-0-of-the-uah-temperature-dataset-released-new-lt-trend-0-11-cdecade/
Sprintall, J., Gordon, A.L., Koch-Larrouy, A., Lee, T., Potemra, J.T., Pujiana, K., Wijffels, S.E., The Indonesian seas and their role in the coupled ocean-climate system (2014) Nat. Geosci, 7, pp. 487-492
Srokosz, M.A., Bryden, H.L., Observing the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation yields a decade of inevitable surprises (2015) Science, 348
Srokosz, M.A., Baringer, M., Bryden, H., Cunningham, S., Delworth, T., Lozier, S., Marotzke, J., Sutton, R., Past, present and future change in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (2012) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, pp. 1663-1676
Stackhouse, P.W., Jr., Kratz, D.P., McGarragh, G.R., Gupta, S.K., Geier, E.B., Fast Longwave and Shortwave Radiative Flux (FLASHFlux) products from CERES and MODIS measurements (2006) Proc. 12Th Conf. Atmospheric Radiation, , https://ams.confex.com/ams/Madison2006/techprogram/paper_113479.htm, Madison, WI, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P1.10
Stammerjohn, S., Massom, R., Rind, D., Martinson, D., Regions of rapid sea ice change: An inter-hemispheric seasonal comparison (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Stammerjohn, S.E., Martinson, D.G., Smith, R.C., Yuan, X., Rind, D., Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation and southern annular mode variability (2008) J. Geophys. Res, 113
Steinberg, D.K., Long-term (1993-2013) changes in macrozooplankton off the Western Antarctic Peninsula (2015) Deep-Sea Res, 1 (101), pp. 54-70
Steinbrecht, W., Köhler, U., Claude, H., Weber, M., Burrows, J.P., Vander, R.J., Very high ozone columns at northern mid-latitudes in 2010 (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
Strahan, S.E., Douglass, A.R., Newman, P.A., Steenrod, S.D., Inorganic chlorine variability in the Antarctic vortex and implications for ozone recovery (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos, 119, pp. 14098-14109
Strahan, S.E., Oman, L.D., Douglass, A.R., Coy, L., Modulation of Antarctic vortex composition by the quasi-biennial oscillation (2015) Geophys. Res. Lett, 42, pp. 4216-4223
Straneo, F., Heimbach, P., North Atlantic warming and the retreat of Greenland’s outlet glaciers (2013) Nature, 504, pp. 36-43
Straub, K.H., Kiladis, G.N., Observations of a convectively coupled Kelvin wave in the eastern Pacific ITCZ (2002) J. Atmos. Sci., 59, pp. 30-53
Straub, K.H., Kiladis, G.N., Ciesielski, P.E., The role of equatorial waves in the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon and the demise of El Niño during 1998 (2006) Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 42, pp. 216-238
Su, Z., The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes (2002) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci, 6, pp. 85-100
Sudo, K., Takahashi, M., Simulation of tropospheric ozone changes during 1997-1998 El Niño: Meteorological impact on tropospheric photochemistry (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett, 28, pp. 4091-4094
Sun, W., Hess, P., Tian, B., The response of the equatorial tropospheric ozone to the Madden-Julian oscillation in TES satellite observations and CAM-chem model simulation (2014) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 14, pp. 11775-11790
Sutton, R.T., Dong, B., Atlantic Ocean influence on a shift in European climate in the 1990s (2012) Nat. Geosci, 5, pp. 788-792
Tacconi, L., (2003) Fires in Indonesia: Causes, Costs and Policy Implications, p. 24. , CIFOR Occasional Paper 38, CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia
Talley, L., Changes in ocean heat, carbon content, and ventilation: A review of the first decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography (2016) Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, pp. 185-215
Talley, L.D., North Atlantic circulation and variability, reviewed for the CNLS conference (1996) Physica D, 98, pp. 625-646
Talley, L.D., Raymer, M., Eighteen degree water variability (1982) J. Mar. Res., 40, pp. 757-775
Talley, L.D., Changes in ocean heat, carbon content, and ventilation: A review of the first decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography (2016) Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, pp. 185-215
Tamura, T., Williams, G.D., Fraser, A.D., Ohshima, K.I., Potential regime shift in decreased sea ice production after the Mertz Glacier calving (2012) Nat. Commun, 3, p. 826
Tanhua, T., Körtzinger, A., Friis, K., Waugh, D.W., Wallace, D.W.R., An estimate of anthropogenic CO2 inventory from decadal changes in oceanic carbon content (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, pp. 3037-3042
Tanskanen, A., Arola, A., Kujanpää, J., Use of the moving time-window technique to determine surface albedo from the TOMS reflectivity data (2003) Ultraviolet Ground-And Space-Based Measurements, Models, and Effects II, W, 4896, pp. 239-250. , Gao et al. Eds., International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE Proceedings
Tapley, B.D., Bettadpur, S., Ries, J.C., Thompson, P.F., Watkins, M.M., GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system (2004) Science, 305, pp. 503-505
Taylor, R.L., Udevitz, M.S., Demography of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): 1974-2006 (2015) Mar. Mamm. Sci, 31, pp. 231-254
Tedesco, M., Snowmelt detection over the Greenland ice sheet from SSM/I brightness temperature daily variations (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett, 34
Tedesco, M., Assessment and development of snowmelt retrieval algorithms over Antarctica from K-band spaceborne brightness temperature (1979-2008) (2009) Remote Sens. Environ, 113, pp. 979-997
Tedesco, M., Monaghan, A.J., An updated Antarctic melt record through 2009 and its linkages to high-latitude and tropical climate variability (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett, 36
Tedesco, M., Fettweis, X., Van Den Broeke, M.R., Van De Wal, R.S.W., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Van De Berg, W.J., Serreze, M.C., Box, J.E., The role of albedo and accumulation in the 2010 melting record in Greenland (2011) Environ. Res. Lett, 6
Tedesco, M., Fettweis, X., Mote, T., Wahr, J., Alexander, P., Box, J., Wouters, B., Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data (2013) Cryosphere, 7, pp. 615-630
Tedesco, M., (2015) Greenland Ice Sheet. Arctic Report Card, , http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/report14/greenland_ice:sheet.html.], Update for, NOAA
Tegtmeier, S., Rex, M., Wohltmann, I., Krüger, K., Relative importance of dynamical and chemical contributions to Arctic wintertime ozone (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett, 35
Teng, W.-H., Huang, C.-Y., Ho, S.-P., Kuo, Y.-H., Zhou, X.-J., Characteristics of global precipitable water in ENSO events revealed by COSMIC measurements (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, pp. 8411-8425
Teuling, A.J., Van Loon, A.F., Seneviratne, S.I., Lehner, I., Aubinet, M., Heinesch, B., Bernhofer, C., Spank, U., Evapotranspiration amplifies European summer drought (2013) Geophys. Res. Lett, 40, pp. 2071-2075
Thomas, L.N., Taylor, J.R., Ferrari, R., Joyce, T.M., Symmetric instability in the Gulf Stream (2013) Deep-Sea Res, 2 (91), pp. 96-110
Timmermans, M.-L., Proshutinsky, A., Sea surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S147-S148
Tréguer, P., Jacques, G., Dynamics of nutrients and phytoplankton and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and silicon in the Antarctic Ocean (1992) Polar Biol., 12, pp. 149-162
Trenberth, K.E., Signal versus noise in the Southern Oscillation (1984) Mon. Wea. Rev, 112, pp. 326-332
Trenberth, K.E., (2007) Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, pp. 385-432. , S. Solomon et al. Eds., Cambridge University Press
Trepte, Q.Z., Minnis, P., Trepte, C.R., Sun-Mack, S., Brown, R., Improved cloud detection in CERES edition 3 algorithm and comparison with the CALIPSO vertical feature mask (2010) Proc. 13Th Conf. on Atmospheric Radiation and Cloud Physics, , Portland, OR, Amer. Meteor. Soc., JP1.32
Troccoli, A., Muller, K., Coppin, P., Davy, R., Russell, C., Hirsch, A.L., Long-term wind speed trends over Australia (2012) J. Climate, 25, pp. 170-183
Troup, A.J., The “southern oscillation.” Quart (1965) J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 91, pp. 490-506
Tschudi, M., Fowler, C., Maslanik, J.A., EASE-Grid Sea Ice Age, version 3 (2015) NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center
Tschudi, M.A., Fowler, C., Maslanik, J.A., Stroeve, J.A., Tracking the movement and changing surface characteristics of Arctic sea ice (2010) IEEE J. Selected Topics Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 3, pp. 536-540
Turner, J., The El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Antarctica (2004) Int. J. Climatol., 24, pp. 1-31
Udevitz, M.S., Taylor, R.L., Garlich-Miller, J.L., Quakenbush, L.T., Snyder, J.A., Potential population level effects of increased haulout-related mortality of Pacific walrus calves (2013) Polar Biol., 36, pp. 291-298
Ugolini, F.C., Bockheim, J.G., Antarctic soils and soil formation in a changing environment: A review (2008) Geoderma, 144, pp. 1-8
Usup, A., Hashimoto, Y., Takahashi, H., Hayasaka, H., Combustion and thermal characteristics of peat fire in tropical peatland in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia (2004) Tropics, 14, pp. 1-19
Van Aken, H.M., De Jong, M.F., Yashayaev, I., Decadal and multi-decadal variability of Labrador Sea Water in the north-western North Atlantic Ocean derived from tracer distributions: Heat budget, ventilation, and advection (2011) Deep-Sea Res, 1 (58), pp. 505-523
Van As, D., Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE): First temperature and ablation records (2011) Geol. Surv. Denmark Greenl. Bull., 23, pp. 73-76
Van De Wal, R.S.W., Greuell, W., Van Den Broeke, M.R., Reijmer, C.H., Oerlemans, J., Surface mass-balance observations and automatic weather station data along a transect near Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland (2005) Ann. Glaciol., 42, pp. 311-316
Van De Wal, R.S.W., Boot, W., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Snellen, H., Van Den Broeke, M.R., Oerlemans, J., Twenty-one years of mass balance observations along the K-transect, West Greenland (2012) Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 4, pp. 31-35
Van Der, A.R.J., Allaart, M.A.F., Eskes, H.J., Extended and refined multi sensor reanalysis of total ozone for the period 1970-2012 (2015) Atmos. Meas. Tech, 8, pp. 3021-3035
Van Der Schrier, G., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K.R., Jones, P.D., A scPDSI-based global dataset of dry and wet spells for 1901-2009 (2013) J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, pp. 4025-4048
Van Der Schrier, G., Van Den Besselaar, E.J.M., Klein Tank, A.M.G., Verver, G., Monitoring European averaged temperature based on the E-OBS gridded dataset (2013) J. Geophys. Res., 118 (11), pp. 5120-5135
Van Der Schrier, G., Barichivich, J., Harris, I., Jonesand, P.D., Osborn, T.J., Monitoring global drought using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96, pp. S30-S31
Van Der Werf, G.R., (2015) Global Fire Emissions Database, p. 2016. , http://www.globalfiredata.org/updates.html, GFED): Updates. Accessed February
Van Der Werf, G.R., Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, pp. 20350-20355
Van Der Werf, G.R., Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009) (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 10, pp. 11707-11735
Van Wijk, E.M., Rintoul, S.R., Freshening drives contraction of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Australian Antarctic Basin (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, pp. 1657-1664
Vautard, R., Cattiaux, J., Yiou, P., Thépaut, J.-N., Ciais, P., Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness (2010) Nat. Geosci, 3, pp. 756-761
Velicogna, I., Sutterley, T.C., Van Den Broeke, M., Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data (2014) Geophys. Res. Lett, 41, pp. 8130-8137
Ventrice, M.J., Thorncroft, C.D., Janiga, M.A., Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis: A three-way interaction between an African easterly wave, diurnally varying convection, and a convectively coupled atmospheric Kelvin wave (2012) Mon. Wea. Rev, 140, pp. 1108-1124
Ventrice, M.J., Thorncroft, C.D., Schreck, C.J., Impacts of convectively coupled Kelvin waves on environmental conditions for Atlantic tropical cyclogenesis (2012) Mon. Wea. Rev, 140, pp. 2198-2214
Vernier, J.-P., Major influence of tropical volcanic eruptions on the stratospheric aerosol layer during the last decade (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
Vimont, D.J., Kossin, J.P., The Atlantic meridional mode and hurricane activity (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett, 34
Vivier, F., Iudicone, D., Busdraghi, F., Park, Y.-H., Dynamics of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Southern Ocean diagnosed from a 2D mixed-layer model (2010) Climate Dyn., 34, pp. 153-184
Von Storch, H., Zwiers, F.W., (1999) Statistical Analysis in Climate Research, p. 484. , Cambridge University Press
Voss, K.A., Famiglietti, J.S., Lo, M., De Linage, C., Rodell, M., Swenson, S.C., Groundwater depletion in the Middle East from GRACE with implications for transboundary water management in the Tigris-Euphrates-western Iran region (2013) Water Resour. Res, 49, pp. 904-914
Voulgarakis, A., Hadjinicolaou, P., Pyle, J.A., Increases in global tropospheric ozone following an El Niño event: Examining stratospheric ozone variability as a potential driver (2011) Atmos. Sci. Lett, 12, pp. 228-232
Wagner, W., Dorigo, W., De Jeu, R., Fernandez-Prieto, D., Benveniste, J., Haas, E., Ertl, M., Fusion of active and passive microwave observations to create an essential climate variable data record on soil moisture (2012) Proc. XXII ISPRS Congress, Melbourne, Australia, Intl. Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Wahyunto, S.R., Subagjo, H., Maps of area of peatland distribution and carbon content in Sumatera, 1990-2002 (2003) Bogor, Indonesia: Wetlands International—Indonesia Programme & Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC), , http://indonesia.wetlands.org/Infolahanbasah/PetaSebaranGambut/tabid/2834/language/en-GB/Default.aspx
Wahyunto, S., Ritung, S., Subagjo, H., Map of peatland distribution area and carbon content in Kalimantan, 2000-2002 (2004) Bogor, Indonesia: Wetlands International—Indonesia Programme & Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC), , http://indonesia.wetlands.org/Infolahanbasah/PetaSebaranGambut/tabid/2834/language/en-GB/Default.aspx
Wakita, M., Watanabe, S., Murata, A., Tsurushima, N., Honda, M., Decadal change of dissolved inorganic carbon in the subarctic western North Pacific Ocean (2010) Tellus, 62B, pp. 608-620
Waliser, D.E., Gautier, C., A satellite-derived climatology of the ITCZ (1993) J. Climate, 6, pp. 2162-2174
Wan, H., Xiaolan, L.W., Swail, V.R., Homogenization and trend analysis of Canadian near-surface wind speeds (2010) J. Climate, 23, pp. 1209-1225
Wang, C., Atlantic warm pool [in “State of the Climate in 2014”] (2015) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (7), pp. S123-S124
Wang, C., Weisberg, R.H., The 1997-98 El Niño evolution relative to previous El Niño events (2000) J. Climate, 13, pp. 488-501
Wang, C., Weisberg, R.H., Virmani, J.L., Western Pacific interannual variability associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (1999) J. Geophys. Res., 104, pp. 5131-5149
Wang, C., Liu, H., Lee, S.-K., Atlas, R., Impact of the Atlantic warm pool on United States landfalling hurricanes (2011) Geophys. Res. Lett, 38
Wang, J., Zhang, L., Dai, A., Van Hove, T., Van Baelen, J., A near-global, 2-hourly data set of atmospheric precipitable water from ground-based GPS measurements (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112
Wang, L., Liu, H., Wang, S., Shu, S., 2012/13 Seasonal melt extent and duration [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 95 (7), pp. S149-S150
Wang, Y., Field, R.D., Roswintiarti, O., Trends in atmospheric haze induced by peat fires in Sumatra Island, Indonesia and El Niño phenomenon from 1973 to 2003 (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett, 31
Wanninkhof, R., Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited (2014) Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods, 12, pp. 351-362
Wanninkhof, R., Doney, S.C., Bullister, J.L., Levine, N.M., Warner, M., Gruber, N., Detecting anthropogenic CO2 changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005 (2010) J. Geophys. Res., 115
Wassmann, P., Duarte, C.M., Agustí, S., Sejr, M.K., Footprints of climate change in the Arctic marine ecosystem (2011) Global Change Biol., 17, pp. 1235-1249
Waters, J.F., Millero, F.J., Sabine, C.L., Changes in South Pacific anthropogenic carbon (2011) Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 25
Weatherhead, B., Tanskanen, A., Stevermer, A., (2005) Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation, pp. 151-182. , http://www.acia.uaf.edu/PDFs/ACIA_Science:Chapters_Final/ACIA_Ch05_Final.pdf, Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge University Press
Weber, M., Dikty, S., Burrows, J.P., Garny, H., Dameris, M., Kubin, A., Abalichin, J., Langematz, U., The Brewer-Dobson circulation and total ozone from seasonal to decadal time scales (2011) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 11, pp. 11221-11235
Weller, R.A., Variability and trends in surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes at a site off northern Chile (2015) J. Climate, 28, pp. 3004-3023
Wells, N., Goddard, S., Hayes, M.J., A self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (2004) J. Climate, 17, pp. 2335-2351
Wentz, F.J., A well calibrated ocean algorithm for Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (1997) J. Geophys. Res., 102, pp. 8703-8718
Wentz, F.J., A 17-yr climate record of environmental parameters derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager (2015) J. Climate, 28, pp. 6882-6902
Wentz, F.J., Ricciardulli, L., Hilburn, K.A., Mears, C.A., How much more rain will global warming bring? (2007) Science, 317, pp. 233-235
Wever, N., Quantifying trends in surface roughness and the effect on surface wind speed observations (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
(2015) Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin, 1, p. 230. , http://wgms.ch/literature_published_by_wgms/, 2012-2013). M. Zemp et al., Eds., World Glacier Monitoring Service
Latest glacier mass balance data. World Glacier Monitoring Service (2015) Accessed, p. 2015. , http://wgms.ch/latest-glacier-mass-balance-data/
Latest glacier mass balance data (2016) World Glacier Monitoring Service, Accessed February, p. 2016. , http://wgms.ch/latest-glacier-mass-balance-data/
Whan, K., Zscheischler, J., Orth, R., Shongwe, M., Rahimi, M., Asare, E.O., Seneviratne, S.I., Impact of soil moisture on extreme maximum temperatures in Europe. Wea (2015) Climate Extremes, 9, pp. 57-67
Wheeler, M., Kiladis, G.N., Convectively coupled equatorial waves: Analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domain (1999) J. Atmos. Sci., 56, pp. 374-399
Wheeler, M., Hendon, H.H., An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction (2004) Mon. Wea. Rev, 132, pp. 1917-1932
Global solar UV index: A practical guide (2002) World Health Organization, p. 28. , http://www.who.int/uv/publications/en/GlobalUVI.pdf
Widlansky, M.J., Timmermann, A., McGregor, S., Stuecker, M.F., Cai, W., An interhemispheric tropical sea level seesaw due to El Niño Taimasa (2014) J. Climate, 27, pp. 1070-1081
Wielicki, B.A., Barkstrom, B.R., Harrison, E.F., Lee, R.B., III, Smith, G.L., Cooper, J.E., Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES): An Earth observing system experiment (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, pp. 853-868
Wielicki, B.A., Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES): Algorithm overview (1998) IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, pp. 1127-1141
Wiig, Ø., Born, E.W., Stewart, R.E.A., Management of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in the Arctic Atlantic (2014) NAMMCO Sci. Publ, 9, pp. 315-344
Wijffels, S., Roemmich, D., Monselesan, D., Church, J., Gilson, J., Ocean temperatures chronicle the ongoing warming of Earth (2016) Nat. Climate Change, 6, pp. 116-118
Wild, J.D., Long, C.S., Barthia, P.K., McPeters, R.D., Constructing a long-term ozone climate data set (1979-2010) from V8.6 SBUV/2 profiles (2012) Proc. Quadrennial Ozone Symp, , http://larss.science.yorku.ca/QOS2012pdf/6071.pdf, 2012, Toronto, ON, Canada
Willett, K.M., Jones, P.D., Gillett, N.P., Thorne, P.W., Recent changes in surface humidity: Development of the HadCRUH dataset (2008) J. Climate, 21, pp. 5364-5383
Willett, K.M., Berry, D.I., Simmons, A., Surface humidity [in “State of the Climate in 2012”] (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94 (8), pp. S18-S19
Willett, K.M., Williams, C.N., Jr., Dunn, R.J.H., Thorne, P.W., Bell, S., De Podesta, M., Jones, P.D., Parker, D.E., HadISDH: An updateable land surface specific humidity product for climate monitoring (2013) Climate Past, 9, pp. 657-677
Willett, K.M., Berry, D.I., Simmons, A., Surface humidity [in “State of the Climate in 2013”] (2014) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), pp. S19-S20
Willett, K.M., Dunn, R.J.H., Thorne, P.W., Bell, S., De Podesta, M., Jones, P.D., Parker, D.E., Williams, C.N., Jr., HadISDH land surface multi-variable humidity and temperature record for climate monitoring (2014) Climate Past, 10, pp. 1983-2006
Williams, N.L., Feely, R.A., Sabine, C.L., Dickson, A.G., Swift, J.H., Talley, L.D., Russell, J.L., Quantifying anthropogenic carbon inventory changes in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean (2015) Mar. Chem, 174, pp. 147-160
Willis, J.K., Can in situ f loats and satellite altimeters detect long‐term changes in Atlantic Ocean overturning? (2010) Geophys. Res. Lett, 37
Willis, J.K., Fu, L.-L., Combining altimeter and subsurface float data to estimate the time-averaged circulation in the upper ocean (2008) J. Geophys. Res., 113
Willis, J.K., Roemmich, D., Cornuelle, B., Interannual variability in upper ocean heat content, temperature, and thermosteric expansion on global scales (2004) J. Geophys. Res., 109
Winker, D.M., Hunt, W., McGill, M.J., Initial performance assessment of CALIOP (2007) Geophys. Res. Lett, 34
(2011) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Rep, , http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/csd/assessments/ozone/2010/report.html, 52, World Meteorological Organization
Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 2014 (2014) Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, p. 416. , https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone_2014/ozone_asst_report.html, Rep. 55, World Meteorological Organization
(2015) WMO Statement on the Status of the Global Climate in 2014, p. 24. , http://library.wmo.int/opac/index.php?lvl=notice:display&id=16898#.VtRsbUaBnco.], WMO-No. 1152, World Meteorological Organization
Wolter, K., Timlin, M.S., Monitoring ENSO in COADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index (1993) Proc. 17Th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, pp. 52-57. , Norman, OK, NOAA/NMC/CAC, NSSL, Oklahoma Climate Survey, CIMMS and the School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma
Wolter, K., Timlin, M.S., Measuring the strength of ENSO— How does 1997/98 rank? (1998) Weather, 53, pp. 315-324
Woosley, R.J., Millero, F.J., Wanninkhof, R., Rapid anthropogenic changes in CO2 and pH in the Atlantic Ocean: 2003-2014 (2016) Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 30, pp. 70-90
Wooster, M.J., Zhukov, B., Oertel, D., Fire radiative energy for quantitative study of biomass burning: Derivation from the BIRD experimental satellite and comparison to MODIS fire products (2003) Remote Sens. Environ, 86, pp. 83-107
Worden, H.M., Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations (2013) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 13, pp. 837-850
Worthington, L.V., The 18° water in the Sargasso Sea (1959) Deep-Sea Res., 5, pp. 297-305
Wu, J., Zha, J., Zhao, D., Estimating the impact of the changes in land use and cover on the surface wind speed over the East China Plain during the period 1980-2011 (2016) Climate Dyn, 46, pp. 847-863
Wu, M.-C., Yeung, K.-H., Chang, W.-L., Trends in western North Pacific tropical cyclone intensity. Eos (2006) Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 87, pp. 537-548
Wylie, D.P., Jackson, D.L., Menzel, W.P., Bates, J.J., Global cloud cover trends inferred from two decades of HIRS observations (2005) J. Climate, 18, pp. 3021-3031
Xie, P., An in situ-satellite blended analysis of global sea surface salinity (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, pp. 6140-6160
Xu, M., Chang, C.P., Fu, C., Qi, Y., Robock, A., Robinson, D., Zhang, H., Steady decline of East Asian monsoon winds, 1969-2000: Evidence from direct ground measurements of wind speed (2006) J. Geophys. Res., 111
Ying, M., Cha, E.-J., Kwon, H.J., Comparison of three western North Pacific tropical best track datasets in a seasonal context (2011) J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 89, pp. 211-224
Young, P.J., Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Inter-comparison Project (ACCMIP) (2013) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 13, pp. 2063-2090
Yu, H., Lu, Y., Chen, P.-Y., Zhou, W.C., Intensity change characteristics of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific as revealed by three different datasets (2012) J. Trop. Meteor., 18, pp. 119-126
Yu, L., A global relationship between the ocean water cycle and near-surface salinity (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Yu, L., Sea-surface salinity fronts and associated salinity-minimum zones in the tropical ocean (2015) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 120, pp. 4205-4225
Yu, L., Weller, R.A., Objectively analyzed air-sea heat fluxes for the global ice-free oceans (1981-2005) (2007) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, pp. 527-539
Yu, L., Jin, X., Buoy perspective of a high-resolution global ocean vector wind analysis constructed from passive radiometers and active scatterometers (1987-present) (2012) J. Geophys. Res., 117
Yu, L., Jin, X., Insights on the OAFlux ocean surface vector wind analysis merged from scatterometers and passive microwave radiometers (1987 onward) (2014) J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, pp. 5244-5269
Yu, L., Jin, X., Confidence and sensitivity study of the OAFlux multisensor synthesis of the global ocean surface vector wind from 1987 onward (2014) J. Geophys. Res., 119, pp. 6842-6862
Yuan, X., ENSO-related impacts on Antarctic sea ice: A synthesis of phenomenon and mechanisms. Antarct (2004) Sci., 16, pp. 415-425
(2016) Annual Climate Overview, , http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/klima-aktuell/jahresrueckblick, (in German). Zentralanstalt für Meteorology und Geodynamik, Austria
Zemp, M., Hoelzle, M., Haeberli, W., Six decades of glacier mass-balance observations: A review of the worldwide monitoring network (2009) Ann. Glaciol., 50, pp. 101-111
Zemp, M., Reanalysing glacier mass balance measurement series (2013) Cryosphere, 7, pp. 1227-1245
Zemp, M., Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century (2015) J. Glaciol., 61, pp. 745-762
Zhang, C., Madden-Julian oscillation (2005) Rev. Geophys, 43
Zhang, C., Madden-Julian oscillation: Bridging weather and climate (2013) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, pp. 1849-1870
Zhang, C., Gottschalck, J., SST anomalies of ENSO and the Madden-Julian oscillation in the equatorial Pacific (2002) J. Climate, 15, pp. 2429-2445
Zhang, D.-L., Zhu, L., Roles of upper-level processes in tropical cyclogenesis (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Zhang, J., Reid, J.S., Westphal, D.L., Baker, N.L., Hyer, E.J., A system for operational aerosol optical depth data assimilation over global oceans (2008) J. Geophys. Res., 113
Zhang, K., Kimball, J.S., Nemani, R.R., Running, S.W., Hong, Y., Gourley, J.J., Yu, Z., Vegetation greening and climate change promote multidecadal rises of global land evapotranspiration (2015) Sci. Rep, 5
Zhang, X., Church, J.A., Sea level trends, interannual and decadal variability in the Pacific Ocean (2012) Geophys. Res. Lett, 39
Zhang, X., Alexander, L., Hegerl, G.C., Jones, P., Klein Tank, A., Peterson, T.C., Trewin, B., Zwiers, F.W., Indices for monitoring changes in extremes based on daily temperature and precipitation data (2011) Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change, 2, pp. 851-870
Zhang, Y., Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components (2016) Sci. Rep, 5, p. 19124
Zhao, L., Wu, Q., Marchenko, S.S., Sharkhuu, N., Thermal state of permafrost and active layer in central Asia during the International Polar Year (2010) Permafrost Periglacial Process., 21, pp. 198-207
Zheng, Z.-W., Lin, I.-I., Wang, B., Huang, H.-C., Chen, C.-H., A long neglected damper in the El Niño-typhoon relationship: A ‘Gaia-like’ process (2015) Sci. Rep, 5, p. 11103
Zhou, Y., Ren, G., Change in extreme temperature event frequency over mainland China, 1961−2008 (2011) Climate Res, 50, pp. 125-139
Ziemke, J.R., Chandra, S., Duncan, B.N., Froidevaux, L., Bhartia, P.K., Levelt, P.F., Waters, J.W., Tropospheric ozone determined from Aura OMI and MLS: Evaluation of measurements and comparison with the Global Modeling Initiative’s Chemical Transport Model (2006) J. Geophys. Res., 111
Ziemke, J.R., Douglass, A.R., Oman, L.D., Strahan, S.E., Duncan, B.N., Tropospheric ozone variability in the tropical Pacific from ENSO to MJO and shorter timescales (2015) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 15, pp. 8037-8049
Zou, C.-Z., Wang, W., Stability of the MSU-derived atmospheric temperature trend (2010) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 27, pp. 1960-1971
Zou, C.-Z., Wang, W., Inter-satellite calibration of AMSU-A observations for weather and climate applications (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 116
Zubov, V., Rozanov, E., Egorova, T., Karol, I., Schmutz, W., The role of external factors in the evolution of the ozone layer and stratospheric circulation in 21st century (2013) Atmos. Chem. Phys, 13, pp. 4697-4706
Zwally, H.J., Fiegles, S., Extent and duration of Antarctic surface melting (1994) J. Glaciol., 40, pp. 463-476
Zweng, M.M., (2013) Salinity, 2, p. 40. , https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/woa13/, World Ocean Atlas 2013, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 74

Citas:

---------- APA ----------

(2016) . State of the climate in 2015. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(8), S1-S275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

---------- CHICAGO ----------

Multitudinario:468. "State of the climate in 2015" . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 8 (2016) : S1-S275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

---------- MLA ----------

Multitudinario:468. "State of the climate in 2015" . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 97, no. 8, 2016, pp. S1-S275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1

---------- VANCOUVER ----------

Multitudinario:468. State of the climate in 2015. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2016;97(8):S1-S275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1