Toma de decisiones en adolescentes policonsumidores con edades entre los 13 y 17 años en Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar
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Fecha
2019
Autores
Martínez Wilches, María Alejandra
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
El objetivo de esta investigación es describir el proceso de toma de decisiones en 60
adolescentes policonsumidores y no consumidores en edades entre los 13 y 17 años, en dos
clínicas psiquiátricas y una institución educativa, en Cartagena de Indias. Para ello, se ha
establecido una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo de nivel descriptivo y comparativo,
que pretende la evaluación del funcionamiento ejecutivo (Batería de funciones ejecutivas y
Lóbulos Frontales-BANFE) y del patrón de rendimiento de toma de decisiones (Iowa
Gambling Task) en esta muestra seleccionada. Los resultados permitieron concluir que los
policonsumidores exhiben alteraciones funcionales leves y severas en las áreas pre frontales
evaluadas, en comparación con los no consumidores quienes exhiben perfiles de
desempeño ejecutivo normal y normal alto. Se observa, en especial, un déficit significativo
en la corteza orbito-fronto-medial (54% de policonsumidores con alteración severa y leve)
que indica déficits en el procesamiento, integración, regulación e inhibición de estados
emocionales implicados en la toma de decisiones, y una desregulación en la jerarquización
de los estímulos reforzantes asociada a dificultades en la evaluación de la recompensa, en la
motivación, y en el aprendizaje asociativo y emocional. Lo anterior se traduce en la
existencia de una tendencia negativa encontrada tras cada grupo de elecciones de cartas
ventajosas en los policonsumidores, con un decremento a partir del segundo grupo de
cartas; y que explica la dificultad para abandonar el consumo a pesar de la pérdida
progresiva del poder reforzador de las drogas y del incremento de sus consecuencias
negativas.
The objective of this research is to describe the decision-making process in 60 polyconsumer adolescents and non-consumers between the ages of 13 and 17, in two psychiatric clinics and an educational institution, in Cartagena de Indias. To this end, an investigation has been established with a quantitative approach of a descriptive and comparative level, which aims to evaluate the executive functioning (Battery of executive functions and Frontal Lobes-BANFE) and the decision making performance pattern (Iowa Gambling Task) in This sample selected. The results allowed us to conclude that polyconsumers exhibit mild and severe functional alterations in the pre-frontal areas evaluated, compared to non-consumers who exhibit high normal and normal executive performance profiles. In particular, there is a significant deficit in the orbito-fronto-medial cortex (54% of polyconsumers with severe and mild alteration) that indicates deficits in the processing, integration, regulation and inhibition of emotional states involved in decision making, and a deregulation in the hierarchy of reinforcing stimuli associated with difficulties in the evaluation of the reward, in motivation, and in associative and emotional learning. This translates into the existence of a negative trend found after each group of advantageous card elections in polyconsumers, with a decrease from the second group of letters; and that explains the difficulty of abandoning consumption despite the progressive loss of the reinforcing power of drugs and the increase in their negative consequences.
The objective of this research is to describe the decision-making process in 60 polyconsumer adolescents and non-consumers between the ages of 13 and 17, in two psychiatric clinics and an educational institution, in Cartagena de Indias. To this end, an investigation has been established with a quantitative approach of a descriptive and comparative level, which aims to evaluate the executive functioning (Battery of executive functions and Frontal Lobes-BANFE) and the decision making performance pattern (Iowa Gambling Task) in This sample selected. The results allowed us to conclude that polyconsumers exhibit mild and severe functional alterations in the pre-frontal areas evaluated, compared to non-consumers who exhibit high normal and normal executive performance profiles. In particular, there is a significant deficit in the orbito-fronto-medial cortex (54% of polyconsumers with severe and mild alteration) that indicates deficits in the processing, integration, regulation and inhibition of emotional states involved in decision making, and a deregulation in the hierarchy of reinforcing stimuli associated with difficulties in the evaluation of the reward, in motivation, and in associative and emotional learning. This translates into the existence of a negative trend found after each group of advantageous card elections in polyconsumers, with a decrease from the second group of letters; and that explains the difficulty of abandoning consumption despite the progressive loss of the reinforcing power of drugs and the increase in their negative consequences.
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Palabras clave
Adolescentes, Policonsumo, Toma de decisiones, Funcionamiento ejecutivo, Adolescents, Polyconsumption, Decision making, Executive functioning