Garantías jurídico - procesales de los sujetos en la relación laboral en Colombia frente a las incapacidades de origen común del trabajador cuando es superior a 180 días
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Fecha
2019
Autores
Redondo Medina, Karen Karina
Granados Delgado, Omar De Jesús
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Las Garantías jurídico – procesales de los sujetos en la relación laboral en Colombia, frente a las incapacidades de origen común del trabajador cuando es superior a 180 días, es un análisis conceptual, teórico, normativo y jurisprudencial, que se extiende hasta la realidad representada en las voces de los trabajadores, empleadores, abogados, entidades de la seguridad social, como actores en una problemática jurídica cotidiana que refleja la crisis actual de las instituciones, donde se evidencia que pese al esfuerzo cargado en las fuentes formales del derecho, existe una marcada omisión en los responsables de las cargas económicas y asistenciales durante la contingencia de la enfermedad de origen común, que aumenta la vulnerabilidad especialmente de la parte más débil de la relación laboral, poniendo en riesgo su mínimo vital, su recuperación e incluso su eventual pensión por invalidez.
En este orden de ideas, se planteó como objetivo general a alcanzar en el presente trabajo: analizar las garantías jurídico - procesales de los sujetos en la relación laboral en Colombia cuando la incapacidad de origen común del trabajador es superior a 180 días, el cual se logró bajo el desarrollo de los siguientes como objetivos específicos y que finalmente se constituyeron en desarrollo de capítulos del trabajo investigativo: 1). Definir conceptos básicos sobre sobre la protección del trabajador incapacitado con enfermedad de origen común; 2). Interpretar la normatividad colombiana que regula la protección de incapacidades de origen común; 3). Analizar la jurisprudencia proferida por la Corte Suprema de Justicia y la Corte Constitucional Colombiana que establecen los aspectos procesales a seguir cuando existe incapacidad de origen común que supera los 180 días; 4). Examinar las posturas doctrinales nacionales e internacionales dentro del contexto latinoamericano, referentes a las garantías jurídico - procesales sobre incapacidades de origen común mayor de 180 días; 5). Conocer las concepciones de empleadores, trabajadores, abogados, representantes de entidades de seguridad social en relación con las garantías jurídico-procesales en las incapacidades por riesgo común por más de 180 días;
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todo bajo el empleo de un método hermenéutico, al ser una investigación cualitativa.
Como hallazgos o resultados de esta investigación, se puede destacar ciertamente que los sujetos de la relación laboral cuentan con unas importantes garantías bajo la contingencia de la enfermedad del trabajador que supera 180 días, las cuales se encuentran principalmente sentadas en la norma y la jurisprudencia que ha regulado este aspecto, las cuales se detallan en cada uno de los capítulos desarrollados; no obstante, se considera que no están totalmente dadas las citadas garantías para las partes del contrato de trabajo, dado que de manera especial a partir del día 181 se generan situaciones que pueden colocar en desequilibrio la estabilidad en la cual las partes podían encontrarse, como por ejemplo cuando a partir de este término la carga económica del subsidio de incapacidad se encuentra a cargo de la administradora del fondo de pensiones (AFP), pero la norma indica que dicha responsabilidad se genera siempre y cuando se haya emitido concepto favorable de recuperación por parte de la entidad promotora de salud (EPS) a la que se encuentre afiliado del trabajador(Colombia P. d., Decreto 019, 201|2); lo cual ha significado que cuando la EPS no emite el concepto de recuperación dentro del término legal o que el mismo se emite pero no es favorable, se someta al trabajador afiliado a un vaivén entre los entes responsables aumentando aún más su menoscabo. Otro ejemplo que se puede traer a colación como resultado de la presente investigación y que en la misma se considera falencia en las garantías jurídico – procesales, es cuando se procede a la calificación de pérdida de capacidad laboral del trabajador y la misma resulta ser inferior al 50%; en este caso de seguirse generando incapacidades, las cargas económicas por concepto de subsidio de incapacidad no han sido desarrollados por la norma, sino por la jurisprudencia a través de sentencias de tutelas, a partir de los cuales el Juez Constitucional ha obligado a la AFP a seguir cubriendo dicho subsidio de incapacidad, no obstante esta circunstancia ha sido amparada a través del mecanismo de tutela, lo cual representa un necesario estudio de cada caso en particular, aunado a que de no
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hacer uso el afiliado de esta acción podría quedar desamparado totalmente en este sentido.
Por último, para traer a colación otros hallazgos de este compromiso investigativo, se tiene que en lo que respecta a la causal para dar por terminado el contrato de trabajo por justa causa por parte del empleador prevista en el artículo 62, numeral 15, literal a) (Colombia P. d., Código Sustantivo del Trabajo, 1950), en el que se prevé que cuando el trabajador tiene una incapacidad superior a 180 días, se genera automáticamente una causal objetiva de terminación de la relación laboral; sin embargo la Corte Suprema de Justicia y la Corte Constitucional han asumido posiciones paralelas(SL4033, 2018); (Sentencia SU 049, 2017), que podrían generar inseguridad jurídica en una u otra parte, de acuerdo al tribunal que se acate en su interpretación en lo atinente a los temas de estabilidad laboral reforzada en estado de debilidad manifiesta(Congreso de la Republica de Colombia , 1997).
The legal - procedural guarantees of the subjects in the labor relationship in Colombia, in the face of disabilities of common origin of the worker when it exceeds 180 days, is a conceptual, theoretical, normative and jurisprudential analysis, which extends to the reality represented in the voices of workers, employers, lawyers, social security entities, as actors in a daily legal problem that reflects the current crisis of the institutions, where it is evident that despite the effort loaded on the formal sources of law, there is a marked omission in those responsible for the economic and care burdens during the contingency of the disease of common origin, which increases vulnerability, especially in the weakest part of the employment relationship, putting at risk their minimum vital, their recovery and even their eventual pension for disability. Based on this, the general objective to be achieved in this work was stated: to analyze the legal and procedural guarantees of the subjects in the labor relationship in Colombia when the worker's common disability of more than 180 days, which is achieved under the development of the following specific objectives and that finally became chapters of the research work: 1). Define basic concepts on the protection of disabled workers with diseases of common origin; two). Interpret the Colombian regulations that regulate the protection of disabilities of common origin; 3). Analyze the jurisprudence issued by the Supreme Court of Justice and the Colombian Constitutional Court that established the procedural aspects to follow when there is incapacity of common origin that exceeds 180 days; 4). Examine the national and international doctrinal positions within the Latin American context, referring to the legal - procedural guarantees on disabilities of common origin greater than 180 days; 5). Know the conceptions of employers, workers, lawyers, representatives of social security entities in relation to legal-procedural guarantees in disabilities due to common risk for more than 180 days; all under the use of a hermeneutical method, being a qualitative research. As findings or results of this research, it can certainly be highlighted that the subjects of the employment relationship have important guarantees under the contingency of the worker's illness that exceeds 180 days, which are mainly established in the norm and jurisprudence that has regulated this aspect, which are detailed in each of the chapters developed; However, it is considered that the aforementioned guarantees for the parties to the employment contract are not fully given, since especially from day 181 situations are generated that may place the stability in which the parties could find themselves in imbalance, such as for example, when from this term the economic burden of the disability subsidy is borne by the administrator of the pension fund (AFP), but the norm indicates that said responsibility is generated as long as a favorable concept of recovery has been issued for part of the health promoting entity (EPS) to which the worker is affiliated (Colombia P. d., Decree 019, 201 | 2); This has meant that when the EPS does not issue the concept of recovery within the legal term or that it is issued but it is not favorable, the affiliated worker is subject to a fluctuation between the responsible entities, further increasing its impairment. Another example that can be brought up as a result of this investigation and which is considered a failure in the legal - procedural guarantees, is when the loss of work capacity of the worker is classified and it turns out to be less than fifty%; In this case of continuing to generate disabilities, the economic burdens for disability benefits have not been developed by the norm, but by jurisprudence through judgments of guardianships, from which the Constitutional Judge has forced the AFP to continue to cover said disability allowance, despite this circumstance has been covered through the guardianship mechanism, which represents a necessary study of each case in particular, together with the fact that if the member of this action does not make use of it, it could be totally abandoned in this sense. Lastly, to bring up other findings of this investigative commitment, it is necessary with regard to the grounds for terminating the employment contract for just cause by the employer provided for in article 62, numeral 15, literal a ) (Colombia P. d., Substantive Labor Code, 1950), which provides that when the worker has a disability of more than 180 days, a cause is automatically generated objective of termination of the employment relationship; however, the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court have assumed parallel positions (SL4033, 2018); (Judgment SU 049, 2017), which could generate legal uncertainty in one party or another, according to the court that abides by its interpretation regarding the issues of reinforced job stability in a state of manifest weakness (Congress of the Republic of Colombia, 1997).Key Word
The legal - procedural guarantees of the subjects in the labor relationship in Colombia, in the face of disabilities of common origin of the worker when it exceeds 180 days, is a conceptual, theoretical, normative and jurisprudential analysis, which extends to the reality represented in the voices of workers, employers, lawyers, social security entities, as actors in a daily legal problem that reflects the current crisis of the institutions, where it is evident that despite the effort loaded on the formal sources of law, there is a marked omission in those responsible for the economic and care burdens during the contingency of the disease of common origin, which increases vulnerability, especially in the weakest part of the employment relationship, putting at risk their minimum vital, their recovery and even their eventual pension for disability. Based on this, the general objective to be achieved in this work was stated: to analyze the legal and procedural guarantees of the subjects in the labor relationship in Colombia when the worker's common disability of more than 180 days, which is achieved under the development of the following specific objectives and that finally became chapters of the research work: 1). Define basic concepts on the protection of disabled workers with diseases of common origin; two). Interpret the Colombian regulations that regulate the protection of disabilities of common origin; 3). Analyze the jurisprudence issued by the Supreme Court of Justice and the Colombian Constitutional Court that established the procedural aspects to follow when there is incapacity of common origin that exceeds 180 days; 4). Examine the national and international doctrinal positions within the Latin American context, referring to the legal - procedural guarantees on disabilities of common origin greater than 180 days; 5). Know the conceptions of employers, workers, lawyers, representatives of social security entities in relation to legal-procedural guarantees in disabilities due to common risk for more than 180 days; all under the use of a hermeneutical method, being a qualitative research. As findings or results of this research, it can certainly be highlighted that the subjects of the employment relationship have important guarantees under the contingency of the worker's illness that exceeds 180 days, which are mainly established in the norm and jurisprudence that has regulated this aspect, which are detailed in each of the chapters developed; However, it is considered that the aforementioned guarantees for the parties to the employment contract are not fully given, since especially from day 181 situations are generated that may place the stability in which the parties could find themselves in imbalance, such as for example, when from this term the economic burden of the disability subsidy is borne by the administrator of the pension fund (AFP), but the norm indicates that said responsibility is generated as long as a favorable concept of recovery has been issued for part of the health promoting entity (EPS) to which the worker is affiliated (Colombia P. d., Decree 019, 201 | 2); This has meant that when the EPS does not issue the concept of recovery within the legal term or that it is issued but it is not favorable, the affiliated worker is subject to a fluctuation between the responsible entities, further increasing its impairment. Another example that can be brought up as a result of this investigation and which is considered a failure in the legal - procedural guarantees, is when the loss of work capacity of the worker is classified and it turns out to be less than fifty%; In this case of continuing to generate disabilities, the economic burdens for disability benefits have not been developed by the norm, but by jurisprudence through judgments of guardianships, from which the Constitutional Judge has forced the AFP to continue to cover said disability allowance, despite this circumstance has been covered through the guardianship mechanism, which represents a necessary study of each case in particular, together with the fact that if the member of this action does not make use of it, it could be totally abandoned in this sense. Lastly, to bring up other findings of this investigative commitment, it is necessary with regard to the grounds for terminating the employment contract for just cause by the employer provided for in article 62, numeral 15, literal a ) (Colombia P. d., Substantive Labor Code, 1950), which provides that when the worker has a disability of more than 180 days, a cause is automatically generated objective of termination of the employment relationship; however, the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court have assumed parallel positions (SL4033, 2018); (Judgment SU 049, 2017), which could generate legal uncertainty in one party or another, according to the court that abides by its interpretation regarding the issues of reinforced job stability in a state of manifest weakness (Congress of the Republic of Colombia, 1997).Key Word
Descripción
Palabras clave
Garantias, Jurídico – Procesal, Incapacidades, Origen común, Guarantees, Legal-Procedural, Disabilities, Common origin