Intención hacia la actividad física y comportamiento sedentario en población adulta durante los 4 meses de confinamiento por la pandemia
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Fecha
2020
Autores
Iriarte Gómez, Jamir Enrique
Pardo Cassiani, Edud
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Antecedentes: La práctica de actividad física sigue siendo deficiente en la gran mayoría de las personas. Las múltiples investigaciones evidencian que existe un incremento de la inactividad física y las conductas sedentarias a nivel mundial, las cuales traen como consecuencias la aparición de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT), tales como: enfermedades cardiovasculares, cáncer, obesidad, diabetes tipo 2, entre otras, principalmente la obesidad la cual es considerada como una pandemia que afecta especialmente a países occidentales, problema relacionado con los hábitos de vida y las condiciones ambientales. Se le atribuye a la inactividad física, 3.2 millones de muertes al año y más del 5% de las muertes a nivel mundial, convirtiéndose en el cuarto factor de riesgo de ECNT.
La inactividad física se refiere al no cumplimento de las recomendaciones de práctica de actividad física (AF) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), de realizar 150 minutos semanales de AF moderada o 75 minutos de intensidad vigorosa y el comportamiento sedentario (CS) hace referencia a las actividades que no superan el gasto calórico y la frecuencia cardiaca basal, con poco impacto en la salud de las personas.
La intención de las personas hacia una vida activa físicamente y al respecto, es considerada uno de los determinantes de la práctica de AF, el enfoque de etapas de cambio de Prochaska permite clasificar a los individuos de acuerdo con su disposición al cambio. Al aplicar este enfoque en poblaciones de diferentes países lo que se reporta son altas frecuencias en las etapas de precontemplación y contemplación, entre 37,2% y 45%, por tanto, no practican AF regular, el 44% considera la posibilidad de empezar a realizar algún tipo de AF, es decir, ubicados en la etapa de contemplación y solo un 7% como activos regulares, ubicados en la etapa de acción.
Objetivo: Determinar la intención hacia la actividad física y el comportamiento sedentario de personas adultas durante los 4 meses de confinamiento por la pandemia.
Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 812 personas mayores de 18 años de los departamentos del Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar, Magdalena de la costa caribe colombiana, a quienes se les entrevistó vía telefónica aplicando una encuesta basada en el modelo Transteórico de Prochaska-Diclemente que mide la intención hacia la actividad física y el comportamiento sedentario de personas adultas durante los 4 meses de confinamiento por la pandemia. El paquete estadístico utilizado para el análisis estadístico fue el software SPSS versión 24.0. Para determinar la relación entre las etapas de cambio comportamental frente a la actividad física y el índice de masa corporal se realizó la Prueba Análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y la prueba de chi2; se asumió una significancia estadística de 0,05.
Resultados: Durante el confinamiento en la población estudiada, se evidenció que
de acuerdo con el análisis de los resultados hallados, el 50,5% de la población total corresponden al sexo masculino. En cuanto al rango de edad, los participantes tienen en su mayoría entre 18 y 59 años (97,4%). Con respecto al estrato socioeconómico el 87,5% informó que residían en estratos bajos, además 54,5% de los participantes informaron tener un nivel bajo de escolaridad. Con relación al área laboral, 446 sujetos (54,9%) se encuentran vinculados en la parte operativa. Además, el 74,3% de los encuestados pertenecen al régimen contributivo en relación con el aseguramiento en salud.
Con relación al comportamiento frente a la AF, la etapa de precontemplación fue la de mayor porcentaje (36,7%) mientras que el 9,1% se encontraba en la etapa de acción y el 16,5% en la de Mantenimiento.
El promedio de horas al día que las personas dedican frente al celular fue de 3,82,8 horas, mientras que la media del tiempo invertido frente a la TV por día fue de 2,72 horas. Además, el tiempo dedicado a comportamientos sedentarios por día fue de 9,2 5,2 horas.
La relación entre las horas invertidas frente a la TV y la intención de realizar actividad física según las etapas de cambio de Prochaska, la cual refleja un promedio de 2,68 horas frente a la TV en aquellos sujetos que informaron ubicarse en las etapas de cambio de Acción y Mantenimiento, a diferencia de aquellos participantes que están en las etapas Precontemplación, Contemplación y Preparación, permanecen en promedio 2,74 horas frente a la TV.
Los participantes de este estudio con relación a las horas frente al computador y la intención de realizar actividad física se categorizaron en las etapas de Acción y Mantenimiento, debido a que permanecen por más de 3 horas frente al computador, mientras que aquellas que informaron permanecer menos horas frente al computador (2,2 horas) se encuentran en las etapas de cambio Precontemplación, Contemplación y Preparación.
Así mismo, se evidenció que en la relación entre horas frente a videojuegos y la intención de realizar actividad física de la población encuestada, permanecen aproximadamente 25 minutos en videojuegos son menos activos físicamente (etapas de Precontemplación, Contemplación y Preparación) que aquellos que
invierten menos tiempo en estos dispositivos (17 minutos), los cuales se encuentran en las etapas de Acción y Mantenimiento.
La población estudiada permanecía en promedio 3,97 horas al día en el dispositivo móvil se encontraba en las etapas de Acción y Mantenimiento, a diferencias de aquellos que invierten menos tiempo en los celulares, 3,77 horas aproximadamente, los cuales se ubicaron en las etapas de cambio de Prochaska Precontemplación, Contemplación y Preparación.
Conclusiones: Segú el presente estudio la variable sociodemográfica arrojó que la población total de estudio el sexo masculino fue la de mayor prevalencia y que los rangos de edades oscilaron entre 18 y 59 años, siendo los estratos bajos los que menos actividad física realizan.
En cuanto a la intención de realizar actividad física según las etapas de cambio etapas de cambio del modelo transteorico de Prochaska y Marcus el mayor porcentaje de los sujetos de estudio se encuentró en la etapa de precontemplación toda vez que la población tiene conocimiento de las consecuencias que la inactividad física conduce, pero no tienen ningún tipo de intención de realizar actividad física por salud.
En cuanto los comportamientos sedentarios las exposiciones frente a pantallas siendo el celular y TV los dos dispositivos más utilizados por la población de estudio.
Background: The practice of physical activity remains poor in the vast majority of people. Multiple researches shows that thereis anincrease in physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors worldwide, which resultin the onset of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NTDs), such as: cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, among others, mainly obesity which is considered to be a pandemic that particularly affects Western countries, a problem related to lifestyle habits and environmental conditions. It is attributed to physical inactivity, 3.2 million deaths per year and more than 5% of deaths worldwide, becoming the fourth risk factor for TSD. Physical inactivity refers to non-compliance with the World Health Organization's (WHO) Physical Activity Practice (AF) recommendations, to perform 150 minutes per week of moderate AF or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity and sedentary behavior (CS), refers to activities that do not exceed caloric expenditure and baseline heart rate, with little impacton human health. The intention of individuals towards a physically active life and in this regard, is considered one of the determinants of AF practice, Prochaska's approach to stages of change allows individuals to be classified according to their willingness to change. When applying this approach in populations in different countries which are reported to be high frequencies in the pre-contemplation and contemplation stages, between 37.2% and 45%, therefore, do not practice regular AF, 44% consider the possibility of starting to perform some type of AF, that is, located in the contemplation stage and only 7% as regular assets, located in the stage of action. Objective: To determine the intent towards physical activity and sedentary behavior of adults during the 4 months of pandemic confinement. Materials and Methods: Ecross-sectional study in 812 people over the age of 18 from the Atlantic, Bolivar, Cesar, Magdalena departments of the Colombian Caribbean coast, who were interviewed by telephone by applying a survey based on the Transtheoric model of Prochaska-Diclemente that measures the intention towards physical activity and sedentary behavior of adults during the 4 months of confinement by the pandemic. The statistical package used for statistical analysis was SPSS version 24.0 software. To determine the relationship between the behavioral change stages versus physical activity and body mass index, the Variance Analysis Test (ANOVA) and the chi2; s test was performed and assumed a statistical significance of0.05. Results: During confinement in the studied population, it was shown that According to the analysis of the results found, 50.5% of the total population corresponds to the male sex. In terms of age range, participants are mostly between 18 and 59 years old (97.4%). With regard to the socioeconomic stratum 87.5% reported that they resided in low strata, in addition 54.5% of participants reported having a low level of schooling. In relation to the work area, 446 subjects (54.9%) are linked in the operational part. In addition, 74.3% of respondents belong to the contributory regime in relation to health insurance. With regard to AF behavior, the precontemplation stage was the highest percentage (36.7%) while 9.1% were in the action stage and 16.5% in maintenance. The average number of hours a day that people spend in front of their cell phone was 3,8 2.8 hours, while the average time spent in front of the TV per day was 2.72 hours. In addition, the time spent on sedentary behaviors per day was 9.2 5.2 hours. The relationship between the hours invested in front of the TV and the intention to carry out physical activity according to the stages of change of Prochaska, which reflects an average of 2.68 hours in front of the TV in those subjects who reported locating themselves in the stages of change of Action and Maintenance, unlike those participants who are in the pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages, remain on average 2.74 hours in front of the TV. The participants of this study in relation to the hours in front of the computer and the intention to perform physical activity is categorized rum in the stages of Action and Maintenance, because they remain for more than 3 hours in front of the computer, while those who reported staying fewer hours in front of the computer (2.2 hours) are in the stages of change Precontemplation, Contemplation and Preparation. It was also evident that in the relationship between hours versus video games and the intention to carry out physical activity of the population surveyed, approximately 25 minutes remain in video games are less physically active (stages of Precontemplation, Contemplation and Preparation) than those who invest less time in these devices (17 minutes), which are in the stages of Action and Maintenance. The population studied remained on average 3.97 hours a day on the mobile device was in the Stages of Action and Maintenance, unlike those who spend less time on cellphones, approximately 3.77 hours, which were located in the change stages of Prochaska Precontemplation, Contemplation and Preparation. Conclusions: According to this study the sociodemographic variable showed that the total population of study male was the highest prevalence and that the age ranges ranged from 18 to 59 years, with the low strata being the least physical activity. As for the intention to perform physical activity according to the stages of change stages of change of the transteoric model of Prochaska and Marcus the higher percentage of the study subjects was found in the precontemplation stage since the population is aware of the consequences that physical inactivity leads but have no intention of performing physical activity by health. As for the sedentary behaviors the exposures in front of screens being the cell phone and TV the two devices most used by the studio population.
Background: The practice of physical activity remains poor in the vast majority of people. Multiple researches shows that thereis anincrease in physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors worldwide, which resultin the onset of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NTDs), such as: cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, among others, mainly obesity which is considered to be a pandemic that particularly affects Western countries, a problem related to lifestyle habits and environmental conditions. It is attributed to physical inactivity, 3.2 million deaths per year and more than 5% of deaths worldwide, becoming the fourth risk factor for TSD. Physical inactivity refers to non-compliance with the World Health Organization's (WHO) Physical Activity Practice (AF) recommendations, to perform 150 minutes per week of moderate AF or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity and sedentary behavior (CS), refers to activities that do not exceed caloric expenditure and baseline heart rate, with little impacton human health. The intention of individuals towards a physically active life and in this regard, is considered one of the determinants of AF practice, Prochaska's approach to stages of change allows individuals to be classified according to their willingness to change. When applying this approach in populations in different countries which are reported to be high frequencies in the pre-contemplation and contemplation stages, between 37.2% and 45%, therefore, do not practice regular AF, 44% consider the possibility of starting to perform some type of AF, that is, located in the contemplation stage and only 7% as regular assets, located in the stage of action. Objective: To determine the intent towards physical activity and sedentary behavior of adults during the 4 months of pandemic confinement. Materials and Methods: Ecross-sectional study in 812 people over the age of 18 from the Atlantic, Bolivar, Cesar, Magdalena departments of the Colombian Caribbean coast, who were interviewed by telephone by applying a survey based on the Transtheoric model of Prochaska-Diclemente that measures the intention towards physical activity and sedentary behavior of adults during the 4 months of confinement by the pandemic. The statistical package used for statistical analysis was SPSS version 24.0 software. To determine the relationship between the behavioral change stages versus physical activity and body mass index, the Variance Analysis Test (ANOVA) and the chi2; s test was performed and assumed a statistical significance of0.05. Results: During confinement in the studied population, it was shown that According to the analysis of the results found, 50.5% of the total population corresponds to the male sex. In terms of age range, participants are mostly between 18 and 59 years old (97.4%). With regard to the socioeconomic stratum 87.5% reported that they resided in low strata, in addition 54.5% of participants reported having a low level of schooling. In relation to the work area, 446 subjects (54.9%) are linked in the operational part. In addition, 74.3% of respondents belong to the contributory regime in relation to health insurance. With regard to AF behavior, the precontemplation stage was the highest percentage (36.7%) while 9.1% were in the action stage and 16.5% in maintenance. The average number of hours a day that people spend in front of their cell phone was 3,8 2.8 hours, while the average time spent in front of the TV per day was 2.72 hours. In addition, the time spent on sedentary behaviors per day was 9.2 5.2 hours. The relationship between the hours invested in front of the TV and the intention to carry out physical activity according to the stages of change of Prochaska, which reflects an average of 2.68 hours in front of the TV in those subjects who reported locating themselves in the stages of change of Action and Maintenance, unlike those participants who are in the pre-contemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages, remain on average 2.74 hours in front of the TV. The participants of this study in relation to the hours in front of the computer and the intention to perform physical activity is categorized rum in the stages of Action and Maintenance, because they remain for more than 3 hours in front of the computer, while those who reported staying fewer hours in front of the computer (2.2 hours) are in the stages of change Precontemplation, Contemplation and Preparation. It was also evident that in the relationship between hours versus video games and the intention to carry out physical activity of the population surveyed, approximately 25 minutes remain in video games are less physically active (stages of Precontemplation, Contemplation and Preparation) than those who invest less time in these devices (17 minutes), which are in the stages of Action and Maintenance. The population studied remained on average 3.97 hours a day on the mobile device was in the Stages of Action and Maintenance, unlike those who spend less time on cellphones, approximately 3.77 hours, which were located in the change stages of Prochaska Precontemplation, Contemplation and Preparation. Conclusions: According to this study the sociodemographic variable showed that the total population of study male was the highest prevalence and that the age ranges ranged from 18 to 59 years, with the low strata being the least physical activity. As for the intention to perform physical activity according to the stages of change stages of change of the transteoric model of Prochaska and Marcus the higher percentage of the study subjects was found in the precontemplation stage since the population is aware of the consequences that physical inactivity leads but have no intention of performing physical activity by health. As for the sedentary behaviors the exposures in front of screens being the cell phone and TV the two devices most used by the studio population.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Conducta sedentaria, Pandemia, Aislamiento social, Obesidad, Sedentary behavior, Pandemic, Social isolation, Obesity