Agradecimentos: The structure of the science program outlined herein emerged from discussions during two dedicated "Workshops on Pion and kaon Structure at an Electron-Ion Collider". The first, PIEIC2017, http://www.phy.anl.gov/theory/pieic2017/took place at Argonne National Laboratory, 1-2 June...

Agradecimentos: The structure of the science program outlined herein emerged from discussions during two dedicated "Workshops on Pion and kaon Structure at an Electron-Ion Collider". The first, PIEIC2017, http://www.phy.anl.gov/theory/pieic2017/took place at Argonne National Laboratory, 1-2 June 2017; and the second, PIEIC2018, https://www.jlab.org/conferences/pieic18/, was held at the Catholic University of America, 24-25 May 2018. The development of this document was also informed by discussions at later meetings, such as the "Workshop on Emergent Mass and Its Consequences in the Standard Model", at the European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas, https://indico.ectstar.eu/event/23/, Trento, Italy, 17-21 September 2018. We acknowledge constructive input from all participants; and are grateful to the following people for valuable comments during the preparation of this manuscript: Z.-F. Cui, G. Eichmann, C.S. Fischer, A. Freese, P. Hoyer, B.-L. Li, Y.-X. Liu, Y. Lu, W. Melnitchouk, J. Pawlowski, O. Philipsen, G. Salme, C. Shi, B. Wojtsekhowski, P.-L. Yin, and H.-S. Zong. Work supported by: Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship; China's Thousand Talents Plan for Young Professionals; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico, Grant Nos. 4.10 and CB201422117; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico -CNPq, Grants No. 305894/2009-9, 464898/20145, 305815/2015 and 308486/2015-3 (INCT Fisica Nuclear e Aplicacoes); Coordinacion de la Investigacion Cientifica (CIC) of the University of Michoacan; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Grant No. FI 970/11-1; Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Grant Nos. 2013/01907-0, 2017/056600, 2017/05685-2 and 2017/07595-0; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (China), under Grant No. 2019CDJDWL0005; Helmholtz International Centre for FAIR within the LOEWE program of the State of Hesse; Jiangsu Province Hundred Talents Plan for Professionals; Junta de Andalucia Grant No. FQM-370; Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Science Foundation, under Grant No. NY129032; Natural Science Foundation of China, under Grant Nos. 11805024, 11847024 and 11847301; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), under Grant No. SAPIN-2016-00031; Spanish MEyC under Grant Nos. FPA2017-84543-P and SEV-2014-0398; Spanish MINECO Grant No. FPA2017-86380-P; Spanish National Project FPA2017-86380-P; U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics, under contract nos. DE-AC02-06CH11357, DE-AC05-06OR23177 and DE-FG02-87ER40371; and U.S. National Science Foundation, Grant Nos. PHY-1506416, PHY-1714133 and PHY-1812382

Abstract: Understanding the origin and dynamics of hadron structure and in turn that of atomic nuclei is a central goal of nuclear physics. This challenge entails the questions of how does the roughly 1 GeV mass-scale that characterizes atomic nuclei appear; why does it have the observed value; and,...

Abstract: Understanding the origin and dynamics of hadron structure and in turn that of atomic nuclei is a central goal of nuclear physics. This challenge entails the questions of how does the roughly 1 GeV mass-scale that characterizes atomic nuclei appear; why does it have the observed value; and, enigmatically, why are the composite Nambu-Goldstone (NG) bosons in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) abnormally light in comparison? In this perspective, we provide an analysis of the mass budget of the pion and proton in QCD; discuss the special role of the kaon, which lies near the boundary between dominance of strong and Higgs mass-generation mechanisms; and explain the need for a coherent effort in QCD phenomenology and continuum calculations, in exa-scale computing as provided by lattice QCD, and in experiments to make progress in understanding the origins of hadron masses and the distribution of that mass within them. We compare the unique capabilities foreseen at the electron-ion collider (EIC) with those at the hadron-electron ring accelerator (HERA), the only previous electron-proton collider; and describe five key experimental measurements, enabled by the EIC and aimed at delivering fundamental insights that will generate concrete answers to the questions of how mass and structure arise in the pion and kaon, the Standard Model's NG modes, whose surprisingly low mass is critical to the evolution of our Universe

CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ

305894/2009-9; 464898/2014-5; 305815/2015; 308486/2015-3

FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP

2013/01907-0; 2017/056600; 2017/05685-2; 2017/07595-0

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