David, A.R.; Zimmerman, M.R. Cancer: An old disease, a new disease or something in between? Nat. Rev. Cancer 2010, 10, 728–733. [CrossRef]
Schirrmacher, V. From chemotherapy to biological therapy: A review of novel concepts to reduce the side effects of systemic cancer treatment. Int. J. Oncol. 2019, 54, 407–419. [CrossRef]
Nussbaumer, S.; Bonnabry, P.; Veuthey, J.-L.; Fleury-Souverain, S. Analysis of anticancer drugs: A review. Talanta 2011, 85, 2265–2289. [CrossRef]
Huang, C.-Y.; Ju, D.-T.; Chang, C.-F.; Muralidhar Reddy, P.; Velmurugan, B.K. A review on the effects of current chemotherapy drugs and natural agents in treating non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed. Taipei 2017, 7, 23. [CrossRef]
Idris, N.M.; Gnanasammandhan, M.K.; Zhang, J.; Ho, P.C.; Mahendran, R.; Zhang, Y. In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers. Nat. Med. 2012, 18, 1580–1585. [CrossRef]
Henderson, B.W.; Dougherty, T.J. How does photodynamic therapy work? Photochem. Photobiol. 1992, 55, 145–157. [CrossRef]
Naik, A.; Rubbiani, R.; Gasser, G.; Spingler, B. Visible-Light-Induced Annihilation of Tumor Cells with Platinum–Porphyrin Conjugates. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 6938–6941. [CrossRef]
Cheng, Y.-J.; Hu, J.-J.; Qin, S.-Y.; Zhang, A.-Q.; Zhang, X.-Z. Recent advances in functional mesoporous silica-based nanoplatforms for combinational photo-chemotherapy of cancer. Biomaterials 2020, 232, 119738. [CrossRef]
Hu, C.; Zhuang, W.; Yu, T.; Chen, L.; Liang, Z.; Li, G.; Wang, Y. Multi-stimuli responsive polymeric prodrug micelles for combined chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B 2020, 8, 5267–5279. [CrossRef]
Hu, X.; Lu, Y.; Dong, C.; Zhao, W.; Wu, X.; Zhou, L.; Chen, L.; Yao, T.; Shi, S. A RuII Polypyridyl Alkyne Complex Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Combined Photodynamic/Photothermal/Chemotherapy. Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26, 1668–1675. [CrossRef]
Meng, L.-B.; Zhang, W.; Li, D.; Li, Y.; Hu, X.-Y.; Wang, L.; Li, G. pH-Responsive supramolecular vesicles assembled by water-soluble pillar [5] arene and a BODIPY photosensitizer for chemo-photodynamic dual therapy. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 14381–14384. [CrossRef]
Wang, D.; Wang, T.; Liu, J.; Yu, H.; Jiao, S.; Feng, B.; Zhou, F.; Fu, Y.; Yin, Q.; Zhang, P.; et al. Acid-Activatable Versatile Micelleplexes for PD-L1 Blockade-Enhanced Cancer Photodynamic Immunotherapy. Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 5503–5513. [CrossRef]
Wang, X.; Liu, K.; Yang, G.; Cheng, L.; He, L.; Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Guo, L.; Liu, Z. Near-infrared light triggered photodynamic therapy in combination with gene therapy using upconversion nanoparticles for effective cancer cell killing. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 9198–9205. [CrossRef]
Tseng, S.J.; Liao, Z.-X.; Kao, S.-H.; Zeng, Y.-F.; Huang, K.-Y.; Li, H.-J.; Yang, C.-L.; Deng, Y.-F.; Huang, C.-F.; Yang, S.-C.; et al. Highly specific in vivo gene delivery for p53-mediated apoptosis and genetic photodynamic therapies of tumour. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 6456. [CrossRef]
Sun, S.; Xu, Y.; Fu, P.; Chen, M.; Sun, S.; Zhao, R.; Wang, J.; Liang, X.; Wang, S. Ultrasound-targeted photodynamic and gene dual therapy for effectively inhibiting triple negative breast cancer by cationic porphyrin lipid microbubbles loaded with HIF1α-siRNA. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 19945–19956. [CrossRef]
Chen, W.-H.; Lecaros, R.L.G.; Tseng, Y.-C.; Huang, L.; Hsu, Y.-C. Nanoparticle delivery of HIF1α siRNA combined with photodynamic therapy as a potential treatment strategy for head-and-neck cancer. Cancer Lett. 2015, 359, 65–74. [CrossRef]
Zhao, R.; Liang, X.; Zhao, B.; Chen, M.; Liu, R.; Sun, S.; Yue, X.; Wang, S. Ultrasound assisted gene and photodynamic synergistic therapy with multifunctional FOXA1-siRNA loaded porphyrin microbubbles for enhancing therapeutic efficacy for breast cancer. Biomaterials 2018, 173, 58–70. [CrossRef]
Huang, C.; Zheng, J.; Ma, D.; Liu, N.; Zhu, C.; Li, J.; Yang, R. Hypoxia-triggered gene therapy: A new drug delivery system to utilize photodynamic-induced hypoxia for synergistic cancer therapy. J. Mater. Chem. B 2018, 6, 6424–6430. [CrossRef]
Laroui, N.; Coste, M.; Lichon, L.; Bessin, Y.; Gary-Bobo, M.; Pratviel, G.; Bonduelle, C.; Bettache, N.; Ulrich, S. Combination of photodynamic therapy and gene silencing achieved through the hierarchical self-assembly of porphyrin-siRNA complexes. Int. J. Pharm. 2019, 569, 118585. [CrossRef]
Mauriello Jimenez, C.; Aggad, D.; Croissant, J.G.; Tresfield, K.; Laurencin, D.; Berthomieu, D.; Cubedo, N.; Rossel, M.; Alsaiari, S.; Anjum, D.H.; et al. Porous Porphyrin-Based Organosilica Nanoparticles for NIR Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy and Gene Delivery in Zebrafish. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1800235. [CrossRef]
Vankayala, R.; Kuo, C.-L.; Nuthalapati, K.; Chiang, C.-S.; Hwang, K.C. Nucleus-Targeting Gold Nanoclusters for Simultaneous In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging, Gene Delivery, and NIR-Light Activated Photodynamic Therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 5934–5945. [CrossRef]
Vijayaraghavan, P.; Vankayala, R.; Chiang, C.-S.; Sung, H.-W.; Hwang, K.C. Complete destruction of deep-tissue buried tumors via combination of gene silencing and gold nanoechinus-mediated photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2015, 62, 13–23. [CrossRef]
Schumann, C.; Taratula, O.; Khalimonchuk, O.; Palmer, A.L.; Cronk, L.M.; Jones, C.V.; Escalante, C.A.; Taratula, O. ROS-induced nanotherapeutic approach for ovarian cancer treatment based on the combinatorial effect of photodynamic therapy and DJ-1 gene suppression. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 2015, 11, 1961–1970. [CrossRef]
Liang, R.; Tian, R.; Ma, L.; Zhang, L.; Hu, Y.; Wang, J.; Wei, M.; Yan, D.; Evans, D.G.; Duan, X. A Supermolecular Photosensitizer with Excellent Anticancer Performance in Photodynamic Therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 3144–3151. [CrossRef]
Chen, H.; Xiao, L.; Anraku, Y.; Mi, P.; Liu, X.; Cabral, H.; Inoue, A.; Nomoto, T.; Kishimura, A.; Nishiyama, N.; et al. Polyion Complex Vesicles for Photoinduced Intracellular Delivery of Amphiphilic Photosensitizer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 157–163. [CrossRef]
Feng, X.; Liu, L.; Wang, S.; Zhu, D. Water-soluble fluorescent conjugated polymers and their interactions with biomacromolecules for sensitive biosensors. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 2411–2419. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Jeong, J.E.; Woo, H.Y. Control of electrostatic interaction between a molecular beacon aptamer and conjugated polyelectrolyte for detection range-tunable ATP assay. Polym. Chem. 2017, 8, 6329–6334. [CrossRef]
Xia, F.; Zuo, X.; Yang, R.; Xiao, Y.; Kang, D.; Vallée-Bélisle, A.; Gong, X.; Heeger, A.J.; Plaxco, K.W. On the Binding of Cationic, Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers to DNA: Electrostatic and Hydrophobic Interactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 1252–1254. [CrossRef]
Rubio-Magnieto, J.; Thomas, A.; Richeter, S.; Mehdi, A.; Dubois, P.; Lazzaroni, R.; Clement, S.; Surin, M. Chirality in DNA-[small pi]-conjugated polymer supramolecular structures: Insights into the self-assembly. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 5483–5485. [CrossRef]
Rubio-Magnieto, J.; Azene, E.G.; Knoops, J.; Knippenberg, S.; Delcourt, C.; Thomas, A.; Richeter, S.; Mehdi, A.; Dubois, P.; Lazzaroni, R.; et al. Self-assembly and hybridization mechanisms of DNA with cationic polythiophene. Soft Matter 2015, 11, 6460–6471. [CrossRef]
Leclercq, M.; Rubio-Magnieto, J.; Mohammed, D.; Gabriele, S.; Leclercq, L.; Cottet, H.; Richeter, S.; Clément, S.; Surin, M. Supramolecular Self-Assembly of DNA with a Cationic Polythiophene: From Polyplexes to Fibers. ChemNanoMat 2019, 5, 703–709. [CrossRef]
Liang, J.; Li, K.; Liu, B. Visual sensing with conjugated polyelectrolytes. Chem. Sci. 2013, 4, 1377–1394. [CrossRef]
Feng, G.; Ding, D.; Liu, B. Fluorescence bioimaging with conjugated polyelectrolytes. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 6150–6165. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wu, W.; Bazan, G.C.; Liu, B. Conjugated-Polymer-Amplified Sensing, Imaging, and Therapy. Chem 2017, 2, 760–790. [CrossRef]
Zhan, R.; Liu, B. Functionalized Conjugated Polyelectrolytes for Biological Sensing and Imaging. Chem. Rec. 2016, 16, 1715–1740. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Feng, X.; Lv, F.; Liu, L.; Yang, Q.; Wang, S.; Bazan, G.C. A Highly Emissive Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Vector for Gene Delivery and Transfection. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5428–5432. [CrossRef]
Zhang, C.; Ji, J.; Shi, X.; Zheng, X.; Wang, X.; Feng, F. Synthesis of Structurally Defined Cationic Polythiophenes for DNA Binding and Gene Delivery. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 4519–4529. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Zhao, H.; Hu, W.; Ma, H.; Jiang, R.; Tang, Y.; Ji, Y.; Lu, X.; Hou, B.; Deng, W.; Huang, W.; et al. Photo-Induced Charge-Variable Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Brushes Encapsulating Upconversion Nanoparticles for Promoted siRNA Release and Collaborative Photodynamic Therapy under NIR Light Irradiation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2017, 27, 1702592. [CrossRef]
Hu, R.; Li, S.-L.; Bai, H.-T.; Wang, Y.-X.; Liu, L.-B.; Lv, F.-T.; Wang, S. Regulation of oxidative stress inside living cells through polythiophene derivatives. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2016, 27, 545–549. [CrossRef]
So, R.C.; Carreon-Asok, A.C. Molecular Design, Synthetic Strategies, and Applications of Cationic Polythiophenes. Chem. Rev. 2019, 119, 11442–11509. [CrossRef]
Lan, M.; Zhao, S.; Xie, Y.; Zhao, J.; Guo, L.; Niu, G.; Li, Y.; Sun, H.; Zhang, H.; Liu, W.; et al. Water-Soluble Polythiophene for Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 14590–14595. [CrossRef]
Osaka, I.; McCullough, R.D. Advances in Molecular Design and Synthesis of Regioregular Polythiophenes. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1202–1214. [CrossRef]
Amna, B.; Siddiqi, H.M.; Hassan, A.; Ozturk, T. Recent developments in the synthesis of regioregular thiophene-based conjugated polymers for electronic and optoelectronic applications using nickel and palladium-based catalytic systems. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 4322–4396. [CrossRef]
Layman, J.M.; Ramirez, S.M.; Green, M.D.; Long, T.E. Influence of Polycation Molecular Weight on Poly (2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-Mediated DNA Delivery In Vitro. Biomacromolecules 2009, 10, 1244–1252. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Alameh, M.; Lavertu, M.; Tran-Khanh, N.; Chang, C.-Y.; Lesage, F.; Bail, M.; Darras, V.; Chevrier, A.; Buschmann, M.D. siRNA Delivery with Chitosan: Influence of Chitosan Molecular Weight, Degree of Deacetylation, and Amine to Phosphate Ratio on in Vitro Silencing Efficiency, Hemocompatibility, Biodistribution, and in Vivo Efficacy. Biomacromolecules 2018, 19, 112–131. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Morimoto, K.; Nishikawa, M.; Kawakami, S.; Nakano, T.; Hattori, Y.; Fumoto, S.; Yamashita, F.; Hashida, M. Molecular weight-dependent gene transfection activity of unmodified and galactosylated polyethyleneimine on hepatoma cells and mouse liver. Mol. Ther. 2003, 7, 254–261. [CrossRef]
Loczenski Rose, V.; Mastrotto, F.; Mantovani, G. Phosphonium polymers for gene delivery. Polym. Chem. 2017, 8, 353–360. [CrossRef]
Ornelas-Megiatto, C.; Wich, P.R.; Fréchet, J.M.J. Polyphosphonium Polymers for siRNA Delivery: An Efficient and Nontoxic Alternative to Polyammonium Carriers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 1902–1905. [CrossRef]
Clement, S.; Tizit, A.; Desbief, S.; Mehdi, A.; De Winter, J.; Gerbaux, P.; Lazzaroni, R.; Boury, B. Synthesis and characterisation of [small pi]-conjugated polymer/silica hybrids containing regioregular ionic polythiophenes. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 2733–2739. [CrossRef]
Gary-Bobo, M.; Mir, Y.; Rouxel, C.; Brevet, D.; Basile, I.; Maynadier, M.; Vaillant, O.; Mongin, O.; Blanchard-Desce, M.; Morère, A.; et al. Mannose-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Efficient Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy of Solid Tumors. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 11425–11429. [CrossRef]
Marrocchi, A.; Lanari, D.; Facchetti, A.; Vaccaro, L. Poly (3-hexylthiophene): Synthetic methodologies and properties in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 8457–8474. [CrossRef]
Brouwer, A. Standards for photoluminescence quantum yield measurements in solution (IUPAC Technical Report) *. Pure Appl. Chem. 2011, 83, 2213–2228. [CrossRef]
Zhang, X.; Rodgers, M.A.J. Energy and Electron Transfer Reactions of the MLCT State of Ruthenium Tris (bipyridyl) with Molecular Oxygen: A Laser Flash Photolysis Study. J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 12797–12803. [CrossRef]
Trznadel, M.; Pron, A.; Zagorska, M.; Chrzaszcz, R.; Pielichowski, J. Effect of Molecular Weight on Spectroscopic and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Regioregular Poly (3-hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5051–5058. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gaylord, B.S.; Heeger, A.J.; Bazan, G.C. DNA Hybridization Detection with Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers and Chromophore-Labeled Single-Stranded DNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 896–900. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Tan, C.; Pinto, M.R.; Schanze, K.S. Photophysics, aggregation and amplified quenching of a water-soluble poly (phenylene ethynylene). Chem. Commun. 2002, 446–447. [CrossRef]
Cook, S.; Furube, A.; Katoh, R. Analysis of the excited states of regioregular polythiophene P3HT. Energy Environ. Sci. 2008, 1, 294–299. [CrossRef]
Kraabel, B.; Moses, D.; Heeger, A.J. Direct observation of the intersystem crossing in poly (3-octylthiophene). J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 103, 5102–5108. [CrossRef]
Khatoon, S.S.; Chen, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lv, F.; Liu, L.; Wang, S. In situ self-assembly of conjugated polyelectrolytes for cancer targeted imaging and photodynamic therapy. Biomater. Sci. 2020, 8, 2156–2163. [CrossRef]
Lovell, J.F.; Liu, T.W.B.; Chen, J.; Zheng, G. Activatable Photosensitizers for Imaging and Therapy. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 2839–2857. [CrossRef]
Fernández, D.A.; Awruch, J.; Dicelio, L.E. Photophysical and Aggregation Studies of t-Butyl-Substituted Zn Phthalocyanines. Photochem. Photobiol. 1996, 63, 784–792. [CrossRef]
Zhang, C.; Du, K.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, X.; Cao, G.; Zhang, F.; Feng, F. Optical properties of phosphonium-, quaternary ammonium-and imidazolium-substituted regioregular polythiophenes and application for imaging live cells. Dye. Pigm. 2019, 170, 107581. [CrossRef]
Zhao, J.; Stenzel, M.H. Entry of nanoparticles into cells: The importance of nanoparticle properties. Polym. Chem. 2018, 9, 259–272. [CrossRef]
Zhang, S.; Gao, H.; Bao, G. Physical Principles of Nanoparticle Cellular Endocytosis. ACS Nano 2015, 9, 8655–8671. [CrossRef] [PubMed]