Hopkins C. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%2520of%2520sense%2520of%2520smell%2520as%2520marker%2520of%2520COVID.pd. Accessed Mar 2020
Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, Dequanter D, Blecic S, El Afia F, Distinguin L, Chekkoury-Idrissi Y, Hans S, Delgado IL, Calvo-Henriquez C, Lavigne P, Falanga C, Barillari MR, Cammaroto G, Khalife M, Leich P, Souchay C, Rossi C, Journe F, Hsieh J, Edjlali M, Carlier R, Ris L, Lovato A, De Filippis C, Coppee F, Fakhry N, Ayad T, Saussez S (2020) Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 6:1–11. 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1
Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Hans S, Barillari MR, Jouffe L, Saussez S (2020) Loss of smell and taste in 2013 European patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 10.7326/M20-2428 DOI: 10.7326/M20-2428
Lechien JR, Cabaraux P, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Khalife M, Plzak J, Hans S, Martiny D, Calvo-Henriquez C, Barillari MR, Hopkins C, Saussez S (2020) Psychophysical olfactory tests and detection of COVID-19 in patients with sudden onset olfactory dysfunction: a prospective study. Ear Nose Throat J 29:145561320929169. 10.1177/0145561320929169 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320929169
Lechien JR, Cabaraux P, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Khalife M, Hans S, Calvo-Henriquez C, Martiny D, Journe F, Sowerby L, Saussez S (2020) Objective olfactory evaluation of self-reported loss of smell in a case series of 86 COVID-19 patients. Head Neck. 10.1002/hed.26279 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26279
Romero-Sánchez CM, Díaz-Maroto I, Fernández-Díaz E et al (2020) Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry. Neurology. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009937
Moein ST, Hashemian SMR, Mansourafshar B, Khorram-Tousi A, Tabarsi P, Doty RL (2020) Smell dysfunction: a biomarker for COVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10(8):944–950. 10.1002/alr.22587 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22587
Hornuss D, Lange B, Schroter N, Rieg S, Kern WV, Wagner D (2020) Anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. S1198-743X(20):30294–30299. 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.017 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22587
Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Salzano G, Petrocelli M, Melis A, Cucurullo M et al (2020) Olfactory and gustatory function impairment in COVID-19 patients: Italian objective multicenter-study. Head Neck 42(7):1560–1569 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26269
Hopkins C, Surda P, Whithead E, Kumar BN (2020) Early recovery following new onset anosmia during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational cohort study. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 49(1):26. 10.1186/s40463-020-00423-8 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-020-00423-8
Vaira L, Hopkins C, Petrocelli M, Lechien J, Chiesa-Estomaba C et al (2020) Smell and taste recovery in COVID-19 patients: A 60 day objective and prospective study. J Laryngol Otol. 10.1017/S0022215120001826 DOI: 10.1017/S0022215120001826
Chen M, Shen W, Rowan N et al (2020) Elevated ACE2 expression in the olfactory neuroepithelium: implications for anosmia and upper respiratory SARS-COV-2 entry and replication. BioRxiv. 10.1101/2020.05.08.084996 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.08.084996
Lambert DW, Yarski M, Warner FJ, Thornhill P, Parkin ET, Smith AI et al (2005) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). J Biol Chem 280(34):30113–30119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M505111200
Jia HP, Look DC, Tan P, Shi L, Hickey M, Gakhar L et al (2009) Ectodomain shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in human airway epithelia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 297(1):L84–96 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00071.2009
Gelardi M, Notargiacomo M, Trecca EMC, Cassano M, Ciprandi G (2020) COVID-19 and nasal cytobrush cytology. Acta Cytol 64(4):397–398 DOI: 10.1159/000508768
Suzuki M, Saito K, Min WP, Vladau C, Toida K, Itoh H, Murakami S (2007) Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope 117(2):272–277 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e
Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S (2008) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 82(15):7264–7275. 10.1128/JVI.00737-08 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00737-08
Bulfamante G, Chiumello D, Canevini MP et al (2020) First ultrastructural autoptic findings of SARS-Cov-2 in olfactory pathways and brainstem. Min Anestesiol. 86(6):678–679. 10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14772-2 DOI: 10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14772-2
Meinhardt J, Radke J, Dittmayer C et al. Olfactory Transmucosal SARS-Cov-2 Invasion as Port Of Central Nervous System Entry In COVID-19 Patients. 2020; bioRxiv preprint. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.135012v1
Laurendon T, Radulesco MJ et al (2020) Bilateral transient olfactory bulbs edema during COVID-19-related anosmia. Neurology. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009850 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009850
Politi LS, Salsano E, Grimaldi M (2020) Magnetic resonance imaging alteration of the brain in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and anosmia. JAMA Neurol. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2125 (Published online May 29, 2020) DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2125
Graziadei PPC, Karlan MS, Monti Graziadei GA, Bernstein JJ (1980) Neurogenesis of sensory neurons in the primate olfactory system after section of the fila olfactoria. Brain Res 186:289–300 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(80)90976-2
Schwob JE (2002) Neural regeneration and the peripheral olfactory system. Anat Rec 269(1):33–49 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10047
Tian J, Pinto JM, Xin Y et al (2015) Dexamethasone affects mouse olfactory mucosa gene expression and attenuates genes related to neurite outgrowth. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 5(10):907–918. 10.1002/alr.21586 Epub 2015 Jul 3 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21586
Leopold DA, Loehrl TA, Schwob JE (2002) Long-term follow-up of surgically treated phantosmia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128642:647
Chung TW, Sridhar TW, Zhang AJ (2020) Olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: observational cohort study and systematic review. Open Forum Infect Dis 7(6):ofaa199 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa199
Yan CH, Faraji F, Prajapati DP et al (2020) Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in COVID-19. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 10.1002/alr.22592 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22592
Ship JA, Pearson JD, Cruise LJ, Brant LJ, Metter EJ (1996) Longitudinal changes in smell identification. Journal of gerontology series A. Biol Sci Med Sci 51:86–91
Breckenridge LJ, Cameron J, Puri N et al (1997) Localised degeneration occurs in aged mouse olfactory epithelium. J Anat 191:151–154. 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19110151 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19110151
Bunyavanich S, Do A, Vicencio A (2020) Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children and adults. JAMA 323(23):2427–2429. 10.1001/jama.2020.8707 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.8707
van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T (2015) The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. J Pathol 235(2):277–287 DOI: 10.1002/path.4461