Survey of wild bees in West-Palaearctic region

[en] Bees (a.k.a. Apoidea Anthophila) are among the main pollinators in most ecosystems. The yearly value of the ecological services provided worldwide by pollinators reaches more than euro150 billion. As in many other groups, the erosion of bee diversity is now a well-assessed reality. However, quantification of the phenomenon, including the assessment of its extent and severity has been lacking for a long time. In the West-Palaearctic, the decrease in wild bees has been highlighted in several studies over the last few decades. Specifically, the plight of a few populations of bees in Europe has been measured and assessed. In this paper, we review the state of the knowledge of bee diversity in the West-Palaearctic. We present the available resources usable for estimation of the extinction risk in West-Palaearctic bees. We also point out the work that is needed to outline a holistic picture of West-Palaearctic bee diversity. We conclude by suggesting that former initiatives should be integral in developing the framework of a subregion-wide monitoring program for bees.

Disciplines :

Zoology

Author, co-author :

Patiny, Sébastien

Michez, Denis ; Université de Mons > Faculté des Sciences > Zoologie

Rasmont, Pierre ; Université de Mons > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Zoologie

Language :

English

Title :

Survey of wild bees in West-Palaearctic region

Publication date :

01 July 2009

Journal title :

Apidologie

ISSN :

0044-8435

Publisher :

Springer, Germany

Volume :

Pages :

313-331

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Research unit :

S869 - Zoologie

Available on ORBi UMONS :

since 06 October 2010

Statistics

Number of views

9 (0 by UMONS)

Number of downloads

0 (0 by UMONS)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Amiet F. (1994) Rote Listen der gefährdeten Bienen der Schweiz, in: Duelli P. (Ed.), Rote Listen der gefährdeten Tierarten in der Schweiz, BUWAL, Bern. [online] http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/00913/ index.html?lang=de (accessed on 9 February 2009).
Ascher J.S., Rozen Jr. J.G., Schuh T. (2008) Apoidea species guide. [online] http://www.discoverlife.org (accessed on 9 February 2009).
Ashmann T.L., Knight T.M., Steets J.A., Amarasekare P., Burd M. (2004) Pollen limitation of plant reproduction: ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences, Ecology 85, 2408-2421.
Banaszak J. (1991) A checklist of the bee-species (Apoidea) of Poland with remarks to their taxonomy and zoogeography, Acta Univ. Lodziensis 7, 15-66.
Basset Y., Novotny V., Miller S.E., Weiblens G.D., Missa O., Stewart A.J.A. (2004) Conservation and biological monitoring of tropical forests: the role of parataxonomists, J. Appl. Ecol. 41, 163-174.
Berggren K.T., Ellegren H., Hewitt G.M., Seddon J.M. (2005) Understanding the phylogeographic patterns of European hedgehogs, Erinaceus concolor and E. europaeus using the MHC, Heredity 95, 84-90.
Bieri S. (2002) Bienen und Wespen des Fürstentums Liechtenstein, Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein 19, 1-160.
Biesmeijer J.-C., Roberts S.P.M., Reemer M., Ohlemüller R., Edwards M., Peeters T., Schaffers A.P., Potts S.G., Kleukers R., Thomas C.D., Settele J., Kunin W.E. (2006) Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands, Science 313, 351-354.
Bogusch P., Straka J., Kment P. (2007) Annotated checklist of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera) of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Komentovaný sez-nam žahadlových blanokrídlých (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) Ceské republiky a Slovenska, Acta Entomol. Mus. Natl. Pragae Suppl. 11, 1-300.
Borges P.A.V. (2005) Hymenoptera, in: Borges P.A.V., Cunha R., Gabriel R., Martins A.F., Silva L., Vieira V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial fauna (Mollusca and Arthropoda) and flora (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) from the Azores, Direcção Regional de Ambiente and Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Angra do Heroísmo and Ponta Delgada, pp. 21-68.
Broström A., Coe M., Harrisson S.P, Gallimore R., Kutzbach J.E., Foley J., Prentice I.C., Behling P. (1998) Land surface feedbacks and palaeomon-soons in northern Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 3615-3618.
Buchmann S.L., Nabhan GP (1996) The forgotten pollinators, Island Press, Shearwater books, Washington DC.
Buchmann S., Ascher J.S. (2005) The plight of pollinating bees, Bee World 86, 71-74.
Cane J.H., Tepedino V.J. (2001) Causes and extent of declines among native North American invertebrate pollinators: detection, evidence, and consequences, Conserv. Ecol. 5, 1.
Cane J.H., Minckley R., Kervin L., Roulston T. (2005) Temporally persistent patterns of incidence and abundance in a pollinator guild at annual and decadal scales: the bees of Larrea tridentata, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 85, 319-329.
Convention on Biological Diversity (2001) The international initiative for the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators: A proposal for a plan of action. SBSTTA 7th Meeting, Item 5.1, 9 p.
Ceballos G., Dusmet y Alonso J.M., Del junco y Reves J. (1956) Catalogo de los Himenopteros de España, Madrid.
Cody M.L. (1975) Towards a theory of continental species diversities: bird distributions over Mediterranean habitat gradients, in: Cody M.L., Diamond J.M. (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 214-257.
Costanza R., d'Arge R., deGroot R., Farber S., Grasso M., Hannon B., Limburg K., Naeem S., O'Neill R.V, Paruelo J., Raskin R.G., Sutton P., van den Belt M. (1997) The value of the World's ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature 387, 253-259.
Crist TO., Veech J.A., Gering J.C., Summerville K.S. (2003) Partitioning Species Diversity across Landscapes and Regions: A Hierarchical Analysis of α, (β, and γ Diversity, Am. Nat. 162, 734-743.
Dafni A., Shmida A. (1996) The possible ecological implications of the invasion of Bombus terrestris (L.) (Apidae) at Mt Carmel, Israel, in: Matheson A., Buchmann S.L., O'Toole C, Westrich P., Williams I.H. (Eds.), The conservation of bees, Linnean Society of London, International Bee Research Association, London, pp. 183-200.
Danforth B.N., Brady S.G., Sipes S.D., Pearson A. (2004) Single-copy nuclear genes recover Cretaceous-age divergences in bees, Syst. Biol. 53, 309-326.
Davies G.B.P., Brothers D.J. (2006) Morphology of Scrapter (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Colletidae), with description of three new species and taxonomic status of five Cockerell taxa, Afr. Invertebr. 47, 135-183.
Davies G.B.P., Eardley C.D., Brothers D.J. (2005) Eight new species of Scrapter (Hymenoptera: Apoida: Colletidae) with descriptions of S. albifumus and S. amplispinatus females and a major range extension of the genus, Afr. Invertebr. 46, 141-179.
De Lattin G. (1967) Grundriss der Zoogeographie, Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Diniz M.d.A. (1960) Notas sobre himenópteros de Portugal, Memórias e Estudos do Museu Zoológico da Universidade de Coimbra 266, 1-37.
Eardley C.D., Kuhlmann M. (2006) Southern and East African Melitta Kirby (Apoidea: Melittidae), Afr. Entomol. 14, 293-305.
Eickwort G.C., Ginsberg H.S. (1980) Foraging and mating behavior in Apoidea, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 25, 421-446.
Elfving R. (1968) Die Bienen Finlands, Helsinki, Finlande.
Engel M.S. (2000) A new interpretation of the oldest Fossil Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Am. Mus. Nov. 3296, 1-11.
Engel M.S. (2001) A monograph of the Baltic Amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera), Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. His. 259, 1-192.
Fellendorf M., Mohra C., Roberts S., Wirtz P., van der Zanden G. (1999) The bees of Madeira (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), Bocagiana, Museu Municipal do Funchal (História Natural), Madeira 197, 1-17.
Fitton M.G., de V. Graham M.W.R., Boucek Z.R.J., Fergusson N.D.M., Huddleston T., Quinlan J., Richards O.W. (1978) Hymenoptera, in: Kloet G.S., Hincks W.D. (Eds.), A checklist of British insects. Handbooks for the identification of British insects, 2nd ed., Royal Entomological Society of London, London, p. 159.
Fitzpatrick U., Murray T.E., Byrne A., Paxton R.J., Brown M.J.F. (2006) Regional red list of Irish bees. General report. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin, and Environment and Heritage Service, Belfast. [online] http://www.npws.ie/ (accessed on 9 February 2009).
Friese H. (1901) Die Bienen Europa's (Apidae europaeae) nach ihren Gattungen, Arten und Varietäten auf vergleichend morphologisch-biologischer Grundlage. Teil VI Solitäre Apiden: subfam. Panurginae, Melittinae, Xylocopinae. Selbstverlag - C. Lampe.
Gallai N., Salles J.-M., Settele J., Vaissière B. (2009) Economic valuation of the vunerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline, Ecol. Econ. 68, 810-821.
Gärdenfors U., Ed. (2005) Rödlistade arter i Sverige 2005 - the 2005 red list of Swedish species. ArtDatabanken, The Swedish Species Information Centre, Uppsala. [online] http://www.nhbs.com/rodlistade-arter-i- sverige-2005-the-2005-tefno-141838.html (accessed on 9 February 2009).
Gogala A. (1999) Bee fauna of Slovenia: Checklist of species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), Scopolia 42, 1- 79.
Haddad N., de Miranda J.R., Bataena A. (2008) Discovery of Apis florea in Aqaba, Jordan, J. Apic. Res. and Bee World 47, 172-173.
Heath J., Leclercq J. (1969) The European Invertebrate Survey, Neth. J. Zool. 20, 148-149.
Hendrickx F., Maelfait J.-P., Van Wingerden W., Schweiger O., Speelmans M., Aviron S., Augenstein I., Billeter R., Bailey D., Bukacek R., Burel F., Diekötter T., Dirksen J., Herzog F., Liira J., Roubalova M., Vandomme V., Bugter R. (2007) How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes, J. Appl. Ecol. 44, 340-351.
Hewitt G.M. (1999) Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 68, 87-112.
Hohmann H., La Roche F., Ortega G., Barquin J. (1993) Bienen, Wespen und Ameisen der Kanarischen Inseln (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Aculeata), Bremen.
Iserbyt S., Durieux E.-A., Rasmont P. (2008) The remarkable diversity of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus) in the Eyne Valley (France, Pyrénées-Orientales), Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (n.s.) 44, 211-241.
Janzen D.H. (2004) Setting up tropical biodiversity for conservation through non-damaging use: participation by parataxonomists, J. Appl. Ecol. 41, 181- 187.
Joger U., Fritz U., Guicking D., Kalyabina-Hauf S., Nagy Z.T., Wink M. (2007) Phylogeography of western Palaearctic reptiles - Spatial and temporal speciation patterns, Zool. Anz. 246, 293-313.
Kevan P.G., Phillips T.P. (2001) The economic impacts of pollinator declines: an approach to assessing the consequences, Conserv. Ecol. 5, 8.
Klein A.-M., Vaissière B., Cane J.H., Steffan-Dewenter I., Cunningham S.A., Kremer C., Tscharntcke T. (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 274, 303-313.
Krell F.T. (2004) Parataxonomy vs. taxonomy in biodiversity studies - pitfalls and applicability of 'morphospecies' sorting, Biodivers. Conserv. 13, 795- 812.
Kuhlmann M. (2005) Faunistik und Zoogeographie der Bienengattung Colletes Latreille 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Colletinae) in Mittelasien, Linz. Biol. Beitr. 37, 1353-1396.
Leclercq J., Gaspar C., Marchal J.-L., Verstraeten C., Wonville C., (1980) Analyse des 1600 pre-mières cartes de l'Atlas provisoire des Insectes de Belgique, et première liste rouge d'Insectes menacés dans la faune belge, Notes Fauniques Gembloux 4, 1-104.
Levis S., Bonan G.B., Bonfils C. (2004) Soil feedback drives the mid-Holocene North African monsoon northward in fully coupled CCSM2 simulations with a dynamic vegetation model, Clim. Dyn. 23, 791-802.
Linsley E.G. (1958) The ecology of solitary bees, Hilgardia 27, 543-599.
Lopezaraiza-Mikel M.E., Hayes R.B., Whalley M.R., Memmott J. (2007) The impact of an alien plant on a native plant - pollinator network: an experimental approach, Ecol. Lett. 10, 539-550.
Losey J., Vaughan M. (2006) The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects, BioScience 56, 311-323.
Magurran A.E. (2005a) Species abundance distributions: pattern or process? Funct. Ecol. 19, 177- 181.
Magurran A.E. (2005b) Biological diversity, Curr. Biol. 15, 116-118.
Magurran A.E. (2007) Species abundance distributions over time, Ecol. Lett. 10, 347-354.
Memmott J., Craze P.G., Waser N.M., Price M.V. (2007) Global warming and the disruption of plant - pollinator interactions, Ecol. Lett. 10, 710-717.
Michener C.D. (1979) Biogeography of the bees, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 66, 277-342.
Michener C.D. (2007) The Bees of the World, 2nd ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Michener C.D., McGinley R.J., Danforth B.N. (1994) The bee genera of north and central America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), Smithsonian Institution.
Michez D., Eardley C.D. (2007) Monographic revision of the bee genus Melitta Kirby 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae), Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (n. s.) 43, 379-440.
Michez D., Patiny S. (2006) Review of the bee genus Eremaphanta Popov 1940 (Hymenoptera: Melittidae), with the description of a new species, Zootaxa 1148, 47-68.
Michez D., Terzo M., Rasmont P. (2004) Révision des espèces ouest-paléarctiques du genre Dasypoda Latreille 1802 (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Melittidae), Linz. Biol. Beitr. 36, 847-900.
Michez D., Eardley C.D., Kuhlmann M., Patiny S. (2007) Revision of the bee genus Capicola (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae) distributed in the Southwest of Africa, Eur. J. Entomol. 104, 311-340.
Minckley R.L., Cane J.H., Kervin L. (2000) Origins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert bees, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267, 265-271.
Monsevicius V. (1995a) A check-list of wild bee species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) of Lithuania with data to their distribution and bionomics, in "New and rare for Lithuania insect species. Records and descriptions of 1994-1995". Institute of Ecology Lithuanian Entomological Society, Vilnius, pp. 7-144.
Monsevicius V. (1995b) Fauna of Wild Bees in Lithuania and trends of its changes, in: Banaszak J. (Ed.), Changes in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe, Pedagogical University, Bydgoszcz, pp. 27-32.
Müller A., Kuhlmann M. (2008) Pollen hosts of western Palaearctic bees of the genus Colletes (Hymenoptera: Colletidae): the Asteraceae paradox, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 95, 719-733.
Müller A., Diener S., Schnyder S., Stutz K., Sedivy C., Dorn S. (2006) Quantitative pollen requirements of solitary bees: Implications for bee conservation and the evolution of bee-flower relationships, Biol. Conserv. 130, 604-615.
Murray T.E., Kuhlmann M., Potts S.G. (2009) Conservation ecology of bees: populations, species and communities, Apidologie 40, 211- 236.
Nilsson L.A. (2003) Prerevisional checklist and synonymy of the bees of Sweden (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Preliminary report, Swedish Wild Bee Project, ArtDatabanken.
Oliver I., Beattie A.J. (1996) Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: a case study, Conserv. Biol. 10, 99-109.
Oldroyd B.P. (2007) What's killing American Honey Bees, PLoS Biol. 5, 4.
Osytschnjuk A.Z. (1977) Fauna Ukrainy, Tom 12, Apoidea, Bienen, Teil 5, Andrenidae. Akademia Nauk Ukrainskoj RSR, Kiev "Naukova Dumka".
Pagliano G. (1994) Hymenoptera Apoidea, in: Minelli A., Ruffo S., La Posta S., Checklist Delle Specie Della Fauna Italiana, Fascicolo 106, Calderini, Bologna, pp. 25. [online version] http://www.faunaitalia.it/checklist/ (accessed on 9 February 2009).
Patiny S. (1998) Contribution à la connaissance de la régression des populations du sous-genre Taeniandrena Hedicke, 1933 (Hym., Andrenidae, Andrena) et de leurs habitudes pollinisatrices, Notes Fauniques Gembloux 35, 20-33.
Patiny S. (1999a) Systématique générique et subgénérique des Melitturga Latreille-Meliturgula Friese-Flavomeliturgula (Warncke) (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae, Panurginae), Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 104, 241-256.
Patiny S. (1999b) Révision des Panurginae ouest- paléarctiques n'appartenant pas à la tribu des Melitturgini Michener, 1944 (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) - Partie 1: Panurgus Panzer et Camptopoeum Spinola, Entomofauna 20, 309- 328.
Patiny S. (2001) Monographie des Panurginae de l'ancien monde (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Andrenidae), Thèse de doctorat, Faculté universi-taire des Sciences agronomiques de Gembloux.
Patiny S. (2004) Analysis of the Panurginae distribution in West-Africa and report of new data for Meliturgula scriptifrons (Walker 1871) in Mali (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Andrenidae), Linz. Biol. Beitr. 36, 901-906.
Patiny S., Gaspar C. (2000) Biogéographie des Melitturga Latreille, 1809, Meliturgula Friese, 1903 et des genres proches (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae, Panurginae), Notes Fauniques Gembloux 39, 3-44.
Patiny S., Michez D. (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of the Systropha Illiger, 1806 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) and description of a new subgenus, Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (n.s.) 42, 27-44.
Patiny S., Michez D. (2007) Biogeography of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Sahara and the Arabian deserts, Insect Syst. Evol. 38, 19-34.
Patiny S., Ortiz-Sanchez F.J., Michez D. (2005) A review of Panurgus (Pachycephalopanurgus), with the description of a new species from Spain, Zootaxa 1037, 37-48.
Patiny S., Michez D., Danforth B.N. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships and host-plant evolution within the basal clade of Halictidae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), Cladistics 24, 255-269.
Patiny S., Michez D., Kuhlmann M., Pauly A., Barbier Y. (2009) Factors limiting the species richness of bees in Saharan Africa, Bull. Entomol. Res., doi: 10.1017/S0007485308006433.
Pauly A. (1999) Catalogues des hyménoptères ac-uléates de Belgique, Bull. Soc. R. Belg. Entomol. 135, 98-125.
Peeters T., Raemakers I., Smit J. (1999) Voorlopige atlas van de Nederlandse bijen (Apidae), Leiden.
Pekkarinen A. (1997) Oligolectic bee species in Northern Europe (Hymenoptera, Apoidea), Entomol. Fenn. 8, 205-214.
Pesenko Y.A., Pauly A. (2005) Monograph of the bees of the subfamily Nomioidinae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Africa (excluding Madagascar), Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (n.s.) 41, 129-236.
Petanidou T., Kallimanis A.S., Tzanopoulos J., Sgardelis S.P., Pantis J.D. (2008) Long-term observation of a pollination network: fluctuation in species and interactions, relative invariance of network structure and implications for estimates of specialization, Ecol. Lett. 11, 564-575.
Petersen B. (1956) Hymenoptera. In The Zoology of Iceland, Copenhagen & Reykjavik, pp. 1-176.
Pimentel D., Wilson C., McCullum C., Huang R., Dwen P., Flack J., Tran Q., Saltman T., Cliff B. (1997) Economic and environmental benefits of biodiversity, Bioscience 47, 747-757.
Poinar G.O.J., Danforth B.N. (2006) A fossil bee from Early Cretaceous Burmese amber, Science 314, 614.
Popov V.V. (1967) Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Central Asia and their distribution on flowering plants, rudy Zoologiceskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad 38, 11-329.
Polaszek A. (2005) Fauna Europea: Apidae, in: Noyes J. (Ed.), Fauna Europaea: Hymenoptera Apocrita, Version 1.2. [online] http://www.faunaeur.org (accessed on 9 February 2009).
Proctor M., Yeo P. (1973) The Pollination of Flowers, Collins.
Prys-Jones O., Olafsson E., Kristjánsson K. (1981) The Icelandic bumble bee fauna (Bombus Latr., Apidae) and its distributional Ecology, J. Apic. Res. 20, 189-197.
Rasmont P. (1984) Les Bourdons du genre Bombus Latreille sensu stricto en Europe Occidentale et Centrale (Hymenoptera, Apidae), Spixiana 7, 135-160.
Rasmont P. (2003) Jean-Henry Fabre pourrait-il observer aujourd'hui tous ces insectes ? in: Fabre J.-H. (Ed.), un autre regard sur l'insecte, Actes Colloq. Int. sur l'Entomologie, 18-19 octobre 2002, Saint-Léons en Lévézou (France, Aveyron), Conseil général de l'Aveyron, Rodez, pp. 209- 220.
Rasmont P. (2008) La régression massive des espèces d'abeilles sauvages et de bourdons d'Europe : un effet de la perturbation mondiale du cycle de l'azote, in: Actes Colloq. Insectes et Biodiversité, 6 octobre 2006, Saint-Léons en Lévézou (France, Aveyron), Conseil général de l'Aveyron, Rodez, pp. 43-60.
Rasmont P., Mersch P. (1988) Première estimation de la dérive faunique chez les bourdons de la Belgique (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Ann. Soc. R. Zool. Belg. 118, 141-147.
Rasmont P., Leclercq J., Jacob-Remacle A., Pauly A., Gaspar C. (1993) The faunistic drift of Apoidea in Belgium, in: Bruneau E. (Ed.), Bees for pollination, Commission of the European Communities, pp. 65-87.
Rasmont P., Ebmer A., Banaszak J., Van Der Zanden G. (1995) Hymenoptera Apoidea Gallica. Liste taxonomique des abeilles de France, de Belgique, de Suisse et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 100 (hors série), 1-98.
Rasmont P., Pauly A., Terzo M., Patiny S., Michez D., Iserbyt S., Barbier Y., Haubruge E. (2005) The survey of wild bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Belgium and France, Rapport d'activité, UMH -FUSAGx - FAO, 18 p. [online] http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPS/C-CAB/Castudies/pdf/1-010.pdf (accessed on 9 February 2009).
Rassi P., Alanen A., Kanerva T., Mannerkoski I. (Eds.) (2001) The 2000 Red List of Finnish species, Ministry of the Environment and Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki.
Reinig W.F. (1937) Holarktis. Ein Beitrag zur diluvialen und alluvialen Geschichte der zirkumpo-laren Faunen und Florengebiete, Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Renner S.S. (1998) Effects of habitat fragmentation on plant pollinator interactions in the tropics, in: Newbery D.M., Prins H.H.T., Brown N.D. (Eds.), Dynamics of Tropical Communities, Blackwell Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp. 339-360.
Richards O.W. (1979) The Hymenoptera Aculeata of the Channel Islands, Report and Trans. Soc. Guernsey 20, 389-424.
Roig-Alsina A., Michener C.D. (1993) Studies of the phylogeny and classification of long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), Univ. Kans. Sc. Bull. 55, 123-173.
Schmidt K., Westrich P. (1993) Colletes hederae n. sp., eine bisher unerkannte, auf Efeu (Hedera) spezialisierte Bienenart (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), Entomol. Z. 103, 89-93.
Schwarz M., Gusenleitner F. (1997) Neue und ausgewählte Bienenarten für Österreichs: Vorstudie zu einer Gesamtbearbeitung der Bienen Österreichs (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Entomofauna (Ansfelden) 18, 301-372.
Schwarz M., Gusenleitner F. (1999) Weitere Angaben zur Bienenfauna Österreichs. Vorstudie zu einer Gesamtbearbeitung der Bienen Österreichs II (Hymenoptera, Apidae), Entomofauna (Ansfelden) 20, 185-256.
Schwarz M., Gusenleitner F., Westrich P., Dathe H.H. (1996) Katalog der Bienen Österreichs, Deutschlands und der Schweiz (Hymenoptera, Apidae), Entomofauna Suppl. 8, 1-398.
Shepherd M., Buchmann S.L., Vaughan M., Black S.H. (2003) Pollinator conservation handbook, The Xerces Society, Portland, Oregon.
Spuris Z. (1998) Red data book of Latvia - rare and threatened species of plants and animals, Vol. 4, Invertebrates, Institute of biology University of Latvia, Riga, 388 p.
Stelfox A.W. (1927) A list of the Hymenoptera Aculeata (sensu lato) of Ireland, Proc. R. Irish Acad. 37, 201-355.
Stokstad E. (2006) Pollinator Diversity Declining in Europe, Science 313, 286.
Stout J.C., Morales C.L. (2009) Ecological impacts of invasive alien species on bees, Apidologie 40, 388-409.
Straka J., Bogusch P., Pridal A. (2008) Apoidea: Apiformes (vèely), in: Annotated checklist of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera) of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Acta Entomol. Mus. Natl. Pragae Suppl. 11 (2007) 308 p.
Terzo M., Rasmont P. (2004) Biogéographie et systématique des abeilles rubicoles du genre Ceratina Latreille au Turkestan (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Xylocopinae), Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (n. s.) 40, 109-130.
Thorp R.W. (1979) Structural behavioral, and physiological adaptations of bees (Apoidea) for collecting pollen, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 66, 788-812.
Thorp R.W. (2000) The collection of pollen by bees, Plant Syst. Evol. 222, 211-223.
Tylianakis J.M., Klein A.M., Tscharntke T. (2005) Spatiotemporal variation in the diversity of Hymenoptera across a tropical habitat gradient, Ecology, 86, 3296-3302.
Tylianakis J.M., Didham R.K., Bascompte J., Wardle D.A. (2008) Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems, Ecol. Lett. 11, 1351-1363.
Ungricht S., Müller A., Dorn S. (2008) A taxonomic catalogue of the Palaearctic bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae), Zootaxa 1865, 1-253.
Warncke K. (1973) Die westpaläarktische Arten der Bienen Familie Melittidae (Hymenoptera), Pol. Pismo Entomol. 43, 97-126.
Warncke K. (1979) Beitrag zur Bienenfauna des Iran 11. Die Gattung Pararhophites Fr., Bull. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 30, 197-198.
Warncke K. (1986) Die Wildbienen Mitteleuropas ihre gültigen Namen und ihre Verbreitung (Insecta, Hymenoptera), Entomofauna 3 Suppl., 1-128.
Warncke K. (1987) Ergänzende untersuchungen an bienen der gattungen Panurgus und Melitturga/Andrenidae, Apidae, vor allem aus dem turkischen raum, Bull. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Venezia 34, 75-107.
Weber D., Hintermann U., Zangger A. (2004) Scale and trends in species richness: considerations for monitoring biological diversity for political purposes, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 13, 97-104.
Westphal C., Bommarco R., Carré G., Lamborn E., Morison N., Petanidou T., Potts S.G., Roberts S.P.M., Szentgyorgyi H., Tscheulin T., Vaissière B.E., Woyciechowski M., Biesmeijer J., Kunin W.E., Settele J., Steffan-Dewenter I. (2008) Measuring bee diversity in different European habitats and biogeographical regions, Ecol. Monogr. 78, 653-671.
Westrich P., Schwenninger H.R., Dathe H.H., Riemann H., Saure C., Voith J., Weber K. (1998) Rote Liste der Bienen (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Deutschlands, in: Boye P. (Ed.), Rote Liste gefährdeter Tiere Deutschlands, Federal Agency for Nature Conservation in Germany, Schriftenreihe für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz, Heft 55.
Whitehead V.B., Steiner K.E. (2001) Oil-collecting bees of the winter rainfall area of South Africa (Melittidae, Rediviva), Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 108, 143-277.
Whitehead V.B., Steiner K.E., Eardley C.D. (2008) Oil collecting bees mostly of the summer rainfall area of southern Africa (Melittidae, Rediviva), J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 81, 122-141.
Whittaker R.J., Willis K.J., Field R. (2001) Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity, J. Biogeogr. 28, 453- 470.
Williams N.M., Minckley R.L., Silveira F.A. (2001). Variation in native bee faunas and its implications for detecting community changes, Conserv. Ecol. 5, 7.
Williams P.H. (1985) On the distribution of bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) with particular regard to patterns within the British Isles. PhD thesis, Department of Applied Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Williams P.H., Araújo M.B., Rasmont P. (2007) Can vulnerability among British bumblebee (Bombus) species be explained by niche position and breadth? Biol. Conserv. 138, 493-505.
Zanden (v.d.) G. (1958) Hymenotera aculeata van Andorra en de Franse Pyreneen, Entomol. Ber. 18, 89-91.