Electrical and Electronic Engineering; Biochemistry; Instrumentation; Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics; Analytical Chemistry
Abstract :
[en] A multimode optical fiber supports excitation and propagation of a pure single optical mode, i.e., the field pattern that satisfies the boundary conditions and does not change along the fiber. When two counterpropagating pure optical modes are excited, they could interact through the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) process. Here, we present a simple theoretical formalism describing SBS interaction between two individual optical modes selectively excited in an acoustically isotropic multimode optical fiber. Employing a weakly guiding step-index fiber approach, we have built an analytical expression for the spatial distribution of the sound field amplitude in the fiber core and explored the features of SBS gain spectra, describing the interaction between modes of different orders. In this way, we give a clear insight into the sound propagation effects accompanying SBS in multimode optical fibers, and demonstrate their specific contributions to the SBS gain spectrum.
Disciplines :
Electrical & electronics engineering Physics
Author, co-author :
Fotiadi, Andrei ; Université de Mons - UMONS ; Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
Rafailov, Edik ; Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics Group, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
Korobko, Dmitry; S.P. Kapitsa Scientific Technological Research Institute, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Str., 432970 Ulyanovsk, Russia
MEGRET, Patrice ; Université de Mons - UMONS > Faculté Polytechnique > Service d'Electromagnétisme et Télécommunications
Bykov, Alexander; Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
Meglinski, Igor ; Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland ; Optoelectronics and Biomedical Photonics Group, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
Language :
English
Title :
Brillouin Interaction between Two Optical Modes Selectively Excited in Weakly Guiding Multimode Optical Fibers
European Union Russian Science Foundation Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation Union Européenne
Bai Z. Yuan H. Liu Z. Xu P. Gao Q. Williams R.J. Kitzler O. Mildren R.P. Wang Y. Lu Z. Stimulated Brillouin scattering materials, experimental design and applications: A review Opt. Mater. 2018 75 626 645 10.1016/j.optmat.2017.10.035
Kuzin E.A. Petrov M.P. Fotiadi A.A. Phase conjugation by SMBS in optical fibers Optical Phase Conjugation Gower M. Proch D. Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany 1994 74 96
Ostermeyer M. Kong H. Kovalev V. Harrison R. Fotiadi A. Mégret P. Kalal M. Slezak O. Yoon J. Shin J. et al. Trends in stimulated Brillouin scattering and optical phase conjugation Laser Part. Beams 2008 26 297 362 10.1017/S0263034608000335
Gomes A.D. Bartelt H. Frazão O. Optical Vernier Effect: Recent Advances and Developments Laser Photonics Rev. 2021 15 2000588 10.1002/lpor.202000588
Tanaka Y. Ozaki Y. Brillouin frequency shift measurement with virtually controlled sensitivity Appl. Phys. Express 2017 10 062504 10.7567/APEX.10.062504
Meng Z. Yakovlev V.V. Optimizing signal collection efficiency of the VIPA-based Brillouin spectrometer J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 2015 8 1550021 10.1142/S1793545815500212
La Cavera S. Pérez-Cota F. Fuentes-Domínguez R. Smith R.J. Clark M. Time resolved Brillouin fiber-spectrometer Opt. Express 2019 27 25064 25071 10.1364/OE.27.025064 31510385
Karampatzakis A. Song C.Z. Allsopp L.P. Filloux A. Rice S.A. Cohen Y. Wohland T. Török P. Probing the internal micromechanical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by Brillouin imaging NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2017 3 1 7 10.1038/s41522-017-0028-z
Wang S. Zhang W. Yang N. Ma R. Zhang Y. Wang Z. Zhang J. Rao Y. High-Power Multimode Random Fiber Laser for Speckle-Free Imaging Ann. der Phys. 2021 533 2100390 10.1002/andp.202100390
Čižmár T. Dholakia K. Exploiting multimode waveguides for pure fibre-based imaging Nat. Commun. 2012 3 1027 10.1038/ncomms2024
Fotiadi A. Kiyan R.V. Cooperative stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh backscattering process in optical fiber Opt. Lett. 1998 23 1805 1807 10.1364/OL.23.001805
Liew S.F. Redding B. Choma M.A. Tagare H.D. Cao H. Broadband multimode fiber spectrometer Opt. Lett. 2016 41 2029 2032 10.1364/OL.41.002029 27128066
Redding B. Popoff S.M. Cao H. All-fiber spectrometer based on speckle pattern reconstruction Opt. Express 2013 21 6584 6600 10.1364/OE.21.006584 23482230
Finlay M.C. A Mosse C. Colchester R.J. Noimark S. Zhang E.Z. Ourselin S. Beard P.C. Schilling R.J. Parkin I.P. Papakonstantinou I. et al. Through-needle all-optical ultrasound imaging in vivo: A preclinical swine study Light. Sci. Appl. 2017 6 e17103 10.1038/lsa.2017.103
La Cavera S. Pérez-Cota F. Smith R.J. Clark M. Phonon imaging in 3D with a fibre probe Light. Sci. Appl. 2021 10 1 13 10.1038/s41377-021-00532-7
Murshid S. Grossman B. Narakorn P. Spatial domain multiplexing: A new dimension in fiber optic multiplexing Opt. Laser Technol. 2008 40 1030 1036 10.1016/j.optlastec.2008.03.001
Caucheteur C. Villatoro J. Liu F. Loyez M. Guo T. Albert J. Mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors Adv. Opt. Photonics 2022 14 1 86 10.1364/AOP.444261
Weng Y. Ip E. Pan Z. Wang T. Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review Sensors 2016 16 1387 10.3390/s16091387
Weng Y. Wang T. Pan Z. Multi-functional fiber optic sensors based on mode division multiplexing Opt. Mater. Express 2017 7 1917 10.1364/OME.7.001917
Zhang Z. Lu Y. Pan Y. Bao X. Chen L. Trench-assisted multimode fiber used in Brillouin optical time domain sensors Opt. Express 2019 27 11396 11405 10.1364/OE.27.011396
Shwartz S. Golub M.A. Ruschin S. Excitation of Mode Groups in Multimode Fibers with the Aid of Diffractive Optics IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2016 28 1763 1766 10.1109/LPT.2016.2562677
Schulze C. Wilde J. Brüning R. Schröter S. Duparré M. Measurement of effective refractive index differences in multimode optical fibers based on modal decomposition Opt. Lett. 2014 39 5810 5813 10.1364/OL.39.005810 25361091
Horstmeyer R. Ruan H. Yang C. Guidestar-assisted wavefront-shaping methods for focusing light into biological tissue Nat. Photonics 2015 9 563 571 10.1038/nphoton.2015.140
Fotiadi A.A. Phase conjugation by stimulated Brillouin amplification in cylindrical fibers Proceedings of the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Baltimore, MD, USA 6 May 2001 CThL42
Rodgers B.C. Russell T.H. Roh W.B. Laser beam combining and cleanup by stimulated Brillouin scattering in a multimode optical fiber Opt. Lett. 1999 24 1124 1126 10.1364/OL.24.001124 18073960
Kuzin E. Petrov M. Fotiadi A. Fiber-optic stimulated-Brillouin-scattering amplifier Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. 1988 33 206 209
Minardo A. Bernini R. Zeni L. Experimental and numerical study on stimulated Brillouin scattering in a graded-index multimode fiber Opt. Express 2014 22 17480 17489 10.1364/OE.22.017480
Kobyakov A. Sauer M. Chowdhury D. Stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibers Adv. Opt. Photonics 2009 2 1 59 10.1364/AOP.2.000001
Peterson-Greenberg A. Ma Z. Ramachandran S. Angular Momentum driven Dynamics of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Multimode Fibers Opt. Express 2022 30 29708 29721 10.1364/OE.462677 36299139
Wisal K. Warren-Smith S.C. Chen C.-W. Behunin R. Cao H. Stone A.D. Generalized theory of SBS in multimode fiber amplifiers Proceedings of the SPIE PC11995, Physics and Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices XXX San Francisco, CA, USA 22 January–28 February 2022 PC1199504 10.1117/12.2608336
Iezzi V.L. Loranger S. Harhira A. Kashyap R. Saad M. Gomes A. Rehman S. Stimulated Brillouin scattering in multi-mode fiber for sensing applications Proceedings of the 2011 7th International Workshop on Fibre and Optical Passive Components Montreal, QC, Canada 12–15 July 2011 1 4 10.1109/WFOPC.2011.6089677
Beugnot J.-C. Laude V. Electrostriction and guidance of acoustic phonons in optical fibers Phys. Rev. B 2012 86 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.224304
Godet A. Ndao A. Sylvestre T. Pecheur V. Lebrun S. Pauliat G. Beugnot J.-C. Huy K.P. Brillouin spectroscopy of optical microfibers and nanofibers Optica 2017 4 1232 1238 10.1364/OPTICA.4.001232
Stiller B. Delqué M. Beugnot J.-C. Lee M.W. Mélin G. Maillotte H. Laude V. Sylvestre T. Frequency-selective excitation of guided acoustic modes in a photonic crystal fiber Opt. Express 2011 19 7689 7694 10.1364/OE.19.007689
Gaeta A.L. Boyd R.W. Stochastic dynamics of stimulated Brillouin scattering in an optical fiber Phys. Rev. A 1991 44 3205 3209 10.1103/PhysRevA.44.3205 9906321
Snyder A.W. Love J. Optical Waveguide Theory Kluwer Academic Publishers London, UK 1983
Abramowitz M. Stegun I.A. Romer R.H. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables Am. J. Phys. 1988 56 958 10.1119/1.15378
Lewis B.J. Onder E.N. Prudil A.A. Chapter 10—Introduction to complex analysis Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students Lewis B.J. Onder E.N. Prudil A.A. Butterworth-Heinemann Oxford, UK 2022 287 310
Zel’dovich B.Y. Pilipetskiĭ A.N. Influence of sound diffraction on stimulated Brillouin scattering in a single-mode waveguide Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 1986 16 546 548 10.1070/QE1986v016n04ABEH006546
Zel’Dovich B.Y. Pilipetskiĭ A.N. Role of a “soundguide” and “antisoundguide” in stimulated Brillouin scattering in a single-mode waveguide Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 1988 18 818 822 10.1070/QE1988v018n06ABEH012301
Grimalsky V. Gutierrez-D E. Koshevaya S. Mansurova S. Modulation instability of the stimulated Brillouin scattering in fibers in a presence of acoustic diffraction Optik 2003 114 134 138 10.1078/0030-4026-00238
Grimalsky V. Koshevaya S. Burlak G. Salazar-H B. Dynamic effects of the stimulated Brillouin scattering in fibers due to acoustic diffraction J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2002 19 689 694 10.1364/JOSAB.19.000689
Fotiadi A.A. Kiyan R. Deparis O. Mégret P. Blondel M. Statistical properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering in single-mode optical fibers above threshold Opt. Lett. 2002 27 83 85 10.1364/OL.27.000083
Popov S.M. Butov O.V. Bazakutsa A.P. Vyatkin M.Y. Chamorovskii Y.K. Fotiadi A.A. Random lasing in a short Er-doped artificial Rayleigh fiber Results Phys. 2020 16 102868 10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102868
Spirin V.V. Escobedo J.L.B. Korobko D.A. Mégret P. Fotiadi A.A. Dual-frequency laser comprising a single fiber ring cavity for self-injection locking of DFB laser diode and Brillouin lasing Opt. Express 2020 28 37322 37333 10.1364/OE.406040
Spirin V.V. Escobedo J.L.B. Korobko D.A. Mégret P. Fotiadi A.A. Stabilizing DFB laser injection-locked to an external fiber-optic ring resonator Opt. Express 2020 28 478 484 10.1364/OE.28.000478
Lopez-Mercado C.A. Korobko D.A. Zolotovskii I.O. Fotiadi A.A. Application of Dual-Frequency Self-Injection Locked DFB Laser for Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis Sensors 2021 21 6859 10.3390/s21206859
Korobko D.A. Zolotovskii I.O. Panajotov K. Spirin V.V. Fotiadi A.A. Self-injection-locking linewidth narrowing in a semiconductor laser coupled to an external fiber-optic ring resonator Opt. Commun. 2017 405 253 258 10.1016/j.optcom.2017.08.040
Korobko D. Zolotovskii I.O. Svetukhin V. Zhukov A. Fomin A. Borisova C. Fotiadi A. Detuning effects in Brillouin ring microresonator laser Opt. Express 2020 28 4962 4972 10.1364/OE.382357
Flamm D. Schulze C. Naidoo D. Schroter S. Forbes A. Duparre M. All-Digital Holographic Tool for Mode Excitation and Analysis in Optical Fibers J. Light. Technol. 2013 31 1023 1032 10.1109/JLT.2013.2240258
Liñares J. Montero-Orille C. Moreno V. Mouriz D. Nistal M.C. Prieto-Blanco X. Ion-exchanged binary phase plates for mode multiplexing in graded-index optical fibers Appl. Opt. 2017 56 7099 7106 10.1364/AO.56.007099 29047969
