[en] Novel applications for flexible electronics, e.g., displays and solar cells, require fully flexible, transparent, stable, and low-work-function electrodes that can be manufactured via a low-cost process. Here, we demonstrate that surface chemistry constitutes a route to producing transparent low-work-function plastic electrodes. The work function of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-tosylate, or PEDOT-Tos, is decreased by submonolayer surface redox reaction with a strong electron donor, tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE), allowing it to reach a work function of 3.8 eV. The interface formed between TDAE and PEDOT is investigated in a joint experimental and theoretical study using photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations.
Disciplines :
Chemistry Physics
Author, co-author :
Lindell, L.
Burquel, A.
Jackobsson, F.L.E
Lemaur, Vincent ; Université de Mons > Faculté des Sciences > Chimie des matériaux nouveaux
Berggren, M.
Lazzaroni, Roberto ; Université de Mons > Faculté des Sciences > Service de Chimie des matériaux nouveaux
Pei, Q.; Zuccarello, G.; Ahlskog, M.; Inganäs, O. Polymer 1994, 35, 1347-1351.
Petterson, L. A. A.; Carlsson, F.; Inganäs, O.; Arwin, H. Thin Solid Films 1998, 313, 356-361.
Kiebooms, R.; Aleshin, A.; Hutchison, K.; Wudl, F. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 11037-11039.
Aleshin, A.; Kiebooms, R.; Menon, R.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A. J. Phys. Rev. B 1997, 56, 3659-3663.
Aleshin, A. N.; Kiebooms, R.; Yu, H.; Levin, M.; Shlimak, I. Synth. Met. 1998, 94, 157-159.
Aleshin, A. N.; Kiebooms, R.; Heeger, A. J. Synth. Met. 1999, 101, 369-370.
Chang, Y.; Lee, K.; Kiebooms, R.; Heeger, A. J. Synth. Met. 1999, 105, 203-206.
Kim, J. Y.; Jung, J. H.; Lee, D. E.; Joo, J. Synth. Met. 2002, 126, 311-316.
Jönsson, S. K. M.; Birgerson, J.; Crispin, X.; Greczynski, G.; Osikowicz, W.; Gon, A. W. D. v. d.; Salaneck, W. R.; Fahlman, M. Synth. Met. 2003, 139, 1-10.
Crispin, X.; Marciniak, S.; Osikowicz, W.; Zotti, G.; Gon, A. W. D. v. d.; Louwet, F.; Fahlman, M.; Groenendaal, L.; Schryver, F. D.; Salaneck, W. R. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2003, 41, 2561-2583.
Winther-Jensen, B.; West, K. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 4538-4543.
Vilan, A.; Shanzer, A.; Cahen, D. Nature 2000, 404, 166-168.
Crispin, X.; Lazzaroni, R.; Crispin, A.; Geskin, V. M.; Brédas, J. L.; Salaneck, W. R. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 2001, 121, 57-74.
Crispin, X.; Geskin, V.; Lazzaroni, R.; Bureau, C.; Salaneck, W.; Brédas, J. L. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 111, 3237-3251.
Osikowicz, W.; Crispin, X.; Tengstedt, C.; Lindell, L.; Kugler, T.; Salaneck, W. R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 1616-1618.
Lindell, L.; Jong, M. P. d.; Osikowicz, W.; Lazzaroni, R.; Berggren, M.; Salaneck, W. R.; Crispin, X. J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 122, 084712.
Wimher-Jensen, B.; Breiby, D. W.; West, K. Synth. Met. 2005, 152, 1-4.
Salaneck, W. R.; Stafström, S.; Brédas, J. L. Conjugated Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces: Electronic and Chemical Structure of Interfaces for Polymer Light Emitting Devices; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K., 1996.
Kuroboshi, M.; Tanaka, M.; Kishimoto, S.; Goto, K.; Mochizuki, M.; Tanaka, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 81-84.
Allemand, P.-M.; Khemani, K. C.; Koch, A.; Wudl, F.; Holczer, K.; Donovan, S.; Gruner, G.; Thompson, J. D. Science 1991, 253, 301-303.
Fox, J. R.; Foxman, B. M.; Guarrera, D.; Miller, J. S.; Calabrese, J. C.; Reis, A. H. J. Mater. 1996, 6, 1627-1631.
Burkholder, C.; Dolbier, W. R.; Médebielle, M. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5385-5394.
Cornil, J.; Vanderdonckt, S.; Lazzaroni, R.; Santos, D. A. d.; Thys, G.; Geise, H. J.; Yu, L.-M.; Szablewski, M.; Bloor, D.; Lögdlund, M.; Salaneck, W. R.; Gruhn, N. E.; Lichtenberger, D. L.; Lee, P. A.; Armstrong, N. R.; Brédas, J. L. Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 2436-2443.
Greczynski, G.; Kugler, T.; Keil, M.; Osikowicz, W.; Fahlman, M.; Salaneck, W. R. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 2001, 121, 1-17.
Nielsen, P.; Sandman, D. J.; Epstein, A. J. Solid State Commun. 1975, 17, 1067-1071.
Osikowicz, W.; Gon, A. W. D. v. d.; Crispin, X.; Jong, M. d.; Friedlein, R.; Groenendaal, L.; Fahlman, M.; Beljonne, D.; Lazzaroni, R.; Salaneck, W. R. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 119, 10415-10420.
Jong, M. P. d.; Gon, A. W. D. v. d.; Crispin, X.; Osikowicz, W.; Salaneck, W. R.; Groenendaal, L. J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 118, 6495-6502.
Pokhodnia, K. I.; Papavassiliou, J.; Umek, P.; Omerzu, A.; Mihailovic, D. J. Chem. Phys. 1999, 110, 3606-3611.
W. F. Egelhoff, J. Surf. Sci. Rep. 1987, 6, 253-415.
Beamson, G.; Briggs, D. High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers: The Scienta ESCA300 Satabase; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: New York, 1992.
Cornil, J.; Beljonne, D.; Brédas, J. L. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 103, 842-849.
Dewar, M. J. S.; Zoebisch, E. G.; Healy, E. F.; Stewart, J. J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 3902-3909.
AMPAC, version 6.55; Semichem, Inc.: Shawnee Mission, KS, 1997.
Klamt, A.; Schürmann, G. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1993, 2, 799-805.
Pourtois, G.; Beljonne, D.; Cornil, J.; Ratner, M. A.; Bredas, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4436-4447.