Design strategies and structure-property relationships for two-photon absorption in conjugated molecules are described on the basis of correlated quantum-chemical calculations. We first focus on stilbene derivatives with centrosymmetric structures. We found that derivatization of the conjugated molecule with electroactive groups in a quadrupolarlike arrangement leads to a large increase in the two-photon absorption cross section, δ. Quantum-chemical description provides rich insight into the mechanisms for the two-photon absorption phenomenon.