Andrikopoulos, N.K., Kaliora, A.C., Assimopoulou, A.N., Papapeorgiou, V.P., Biological activity of some naturally occurring resins, gums, and pigments against in vitro LDL oxidation. Phytother. Res. 17 (2003), 501–507.
Ardiansyah, A., Yamaguchi, E., Shirakawa, H., Hata, K., Hiwatashi, K., Ohinata, K., Goto, T., Komai, M., Lupeol supplementation improves blood pressure and lipid metabolism parameters in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 76 (2012), 183–185.
Atowadi, S.E., Olowoniyi, O.D., Daikwo, M.A., Ethnobotanical survey of some plants used for the management of hypertension in the Igala speaking area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 4 (2014), 4535–4543.
Awad, M., Ruzza, A., Mirocha, J., Setareh-Shenas, S., Pixton, R., et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the Gambia and Sierra Leone, western Africa: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc. J. Afr. 25 (2014), 269–278.
Awuah, R.B., Anarfi, J.K., Agyemang, C., Ogedegbe, G., Aikins, A., Prevalence, awareness,treatment and control of hypertension in urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana. J. Hypertens. 32 (2014), 1203–1210.
Ayinde, B.A., Omogbai, E.K.I., Onwukaeme, D.N., Hypotensive effects of 3,4-dihydroxybenzyaldehyde isolated from the stem bark of Musanga cecropioides. J. Pharmacogn. Phytother. 1 (2010), 4–9.
Baldé, A.M., Traore, M.S., Toure, M., Diallo, D., Keita, A., et al. Hypertension artérielle en Guinée: epidémiologie et place de la phytothérapie dans la prise en charge dans les zones urbaines et rurales de Fria, Boké, Forecariah (Basse Guinée). Pharm. Méd. Trad. Afr. 12 (2006), 19–43.
Baldé, M., Baldé, N., Kaba, M., Diallo, I., Diallo, M., et al. Hypertension: epidemiology and metabolic abnormalities in Foutah-Djallon in Guinea. Mali. Méd. 21 (2006), 19–22.
Burns, D., Reynolds, W.F., F.,W., Buchanan, G., Reese, P.B., et al. Assignment of 1 H and 13 C spectra and investigation of hindered side-chain rotation in lupeol derivatives. Magn. Reson. Chem. 38 (2000), 488–493.
Camara, A., Baldé, N.M., Diakité, M., Sylla, D., Baldé, E.H., et al. High prevalence, low awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension in Guinea: results from a population-based STEPS survey. J. Hum. Hypertens. 30 (2016), 237–244.
Cappuccio, F.P., Miller, M.A., Cardiovascular disease and hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: burden, risk and interventions. Intern. Emerg. Med. 11 (2016), 299–305.
Chatterjee, P., Pezzuto, J.M., Kouzi, S.A., Glucosidation of betulinic acid by Cunninghamella species. J. Nat. Prod. 62 (1999), 761–763.
Dewhurst, M.J., Dewhurst, F., Gray, W.K., Chaote, P., Orega, G.P., et al. The high prevalence of hypertension in rural-dwelling Tanzanian older adults and the disparity between detection, treatment and control: a rule of sixths?. J. Hum. Hypertens. 27 (2013), 374–380.
Draijer, R., de Graaf, Y., Slettenaar, M., de Groot, E., Wright, C.I., Consumption of a polyphenol-rich grape-wine extract lowers ambulatory blood pressure in mildly hypertensive subjects. Nutrients 30 (2015), 3138–3153.
Dzudie, A., Kengne, A.P., Muna, W.F., Ba, H., Menanga, A., et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in aself-selected sub-Saharan African urban population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 2, 2012, 1217.
Ekanem, U.S., Opara, D.C., Akwaowo, C.D., High blood pressure in a semi urban community in south-south Nigeria: a community-based study. Afr. Health Sci. 13 (2013), 56–61.
Fotie, J., Bohle, D.S., Leimanis, M.L., Georges, E., Rukunga, G., et al. Lupeol long-chain fatty acid esters with antimalarial activity from Holarrhena floribunda. J. Nat. Prod. 69 (2006), 62–67.
Guerrero, L., Castillo, L., Quinones, M., Garcia-Valve, S., Arola, L., et al. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity by flavonoids: a structure-activity relationship studies. PLoS One, 7(11), 2012, e49493, 10.1371/journal.pone.0049493.
Harborne, J.B., Phytochemical Methods: a Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 1973, Chapman and Hall, London-New York (278p).
Herrera-Arellano, A., Flores-Romero, S., Chavez-Soto, M.A., Tortoriello, J., Effectiveness and tolerability of a standardized extract from Hibiscussabdariffa in patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a controlledand randomized clinical trial. Phytomed 11 (2004), 375–382.
Herrera-Arellano, A., Miranda-Sanchez, J., Avila-Castro, P., Herrera-Alvarez, S., Jimenez-Ferrer, J.E., et al. Clinical effects produced by a standardized herbal medicinal product of Hibiscus sabdariffa on patients with hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, lisinopril controlled clinical trial. Planta Med. 73 (2007), 6–12.
Hosoya, T., Yun, Y.S., Kunugi, A., Five novel flavonoids from Wasabia japonica. Tetrahedron 61 (2005), 7037–7044.
Ibrahim, H., Sani, F.S., Danladi, B.H., Phytochemical and antisickling studies of the leaves of Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Euphorbiaceae). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10 (2007), 788–791.
Karou, S.D., Tchacondo, T., Tchibozo, M.A.D., Abdoul-Rahaman, S., Anani, K., et al. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo. Pharm. Biol. 49 (2011), 1286–1297.
Kayima, J., Wanyenze, R.K., Katamba, A., Leontsini, E., Nuwaha, F., Hypertension awareness, treatment and control in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 13 (2013), 1–11.
Kearney, P.M., Whelton, M., Reynolds, K., Whelton, P.,K., He, J., Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: a systematic review. J. Hypertens. 22 (2004), 11–19.
Kumazawa, T., Minatogawa, T., Matsuba, S., Sato, S., Onodera, J., An effective synthesis of isoorientin: the regioselective synthesis of a 6-C-glucosylflavone. Carbohydr. Res. 17 (2000), 507–513.
Lacaille-Dubois, M.A., Franck, U., Wagner, H., Search for potential angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors from plants. Phytomed 8 (2001), 47–52.
Mahato, S.B., Kundu, A.P., 13 C NMR spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids-a compilation and some salient features. Phytochemistry 37 (1994), 1517–1575.
Mancia, G., Fagard, R., Narkiewicz, K., Redon, J., Zanchetti, A., Bohm, M., et al. ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Societyof Cardiology (ESC). J. Hypertens. 31 (2013), 1281–1357.
Medina-Remón, A., Estruch, R., Tresserra-Rimbau, A., Vallverdú-Queralt, A., Lamuela-Raventos, R.M., The effect of polyphenol consumption on blood pressure. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 8 (2013), 1137–1149.
Mensah, J.K., Okoli, R.I., A. A. Turay, A.A., Ogie-Odia, E.A., Phytochemical analysis of medicinal plants used for the management of hypertension by Esan people of Edo state. Niger.; Ethnobot. Leafl. 13 (2009), 1273–1287.
Mojiminiyi, F.B., Dikko, M., Muhammad, B.Y., Ojobor, P.D., Ajagbonna, O.P., et al. Antihypertensive effect of an aqueous extract of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa. Fitoterapia 78 (2007), 292–297.
N'Gouin-Claih, A.P., Donzo, M., Barry, A.B., Diallo, A., Kabine, O., et al. Prévalence de l'hypertension artérielle en milieu rural guinéen. Arch. Mal. Coeur Et. Vaiss. 96 (2003), 763–767.
Niakara, A., Fournet, F., Gary, J., Harang, M., Nebie, L.V.A., et al. Hypertension, urbanization, social and spatial disparities: a cross-sectional population-based survey in a West African urban environment (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso). Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101 (2007), 1136–1142.
Nsuadi Manga, F., El Khattabi, C., Fontaine, J., Berkenboom, G., Duez, P., et al. Vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of methanolic extracts from Hymenocardia acida Tul. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2 (2013), 623–631.
Nuwaha, F., Musinguzi, G., Use of alternative medicine for hypertension in Buikwe and Mukono districts of Uganda: a cross sectional study. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 13, 2013, 301.
Nwanna, E.E., Ibukun, E.O., Oboh, G., Ademosun, A.O., Boligon, A.A., et al. HPLC-DAD Analysis and In-Vitro Property of Polyphenols Extracts from (Solanum Aethiopium) Fruits on α -Amylase, α -Glucosidase and Angiotensin - 1- Converting Enzyme Activities. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 4 (2014), 272–281.
Olisa, N.S., Oyelola, F.T., Evaluation of use of herbal medicines among ambulatory hypertensive patients attending a secondary health care facility in Nigeria. Int. J. Pharm. Pract. 17 (2009), 101–110.
Onyango, M.J., Kombe, I., Nyamongo, D.S., Mwangi, M., A study to determine the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among employees working at a call centre Nairobi Kenya. Pan-Afr. Med. J., 27, 2017, 178.
Osamor, P.E., Owumi, B.E., Complementary and alternative medicine in the management of hypertension in an urban Nigerian community. BMC Compl Altern. Med., 10, 2010, 36.
Ottaviani, J.I., Actis-Goretta, L., Villordo, J.J., Fraga, C.G., Procyanidin structure defines the extent and specificity of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition. Biochimie 88 (2006), 359–366.
Peng, J., Fan, G., Hong, Z., Chai, Y., Wu, Y., Preparative separation of isovitexin and isoorientin from Patrinia villosa Juss by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1074 (2005), 111–115.
Poulter, N.R., Prabhakaran, D., Caulfield, M., Hypertension. Lancet 386 (2015), 801–812.
Rios, M.Y., Lopez-Martinez, S., Lopez-Vallejo, F., Madina-Franco, J.L., Villalobos-Molina, R., Ibarra-Barajas, M., Navarrete-Vasquez, G., Hidalgo-Figueroa, Hernandez-Abreu, O., Estrado-Soto, S., Vasorelaxant activity of some structurally related triterpenic acids from Phoradendron reichenbachianum (Viscaceae) mainly by NO production: Ex vivo and in silico studies. Fitoterapia 83 (2012), 1023–1029.
Saleem, R., Ahmad, S.I., Ahmed, M., Faizi, Z., Zikr-ur-Rehman, S., et al. Hypotensive activity and toxicology of constituents from Ceiba stem bark. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26 (2003), 41–46.
Seck, I.M., Diop, A.E., Ka, F.E., Doupa, D., Diouf, B., et al. Antihypertensive efficacy of Combretum micranthum and Hibiscus sabdariffa: a randomized controlled trial versus ramipril. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 31(Suppl. 1), 2016, 120.
Somova, L.I., Shode, F.O., Moodley, K., Govender, Y., Cardiovascular and diuretic activity of kaurene derivatives of Xylopia aethiopica and Alepidea amatymbica. J. Ethnopharmacol. 77 (2001), 165–174.
Tahraoui, A., El-Hilaly, J., Israili, Z.H., Lyoussi, B., Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J. Ethnopharmacol. 110 (2007), 105–117.
Tra, Bi, F.H., Irié, G.M., N'Gaman, K.C.C., Mohou, C.H.B., Études de quelques plantes thérapeutiques utilisées dans le traitement de l'hypertension artérielle et du diabète: deux maladies émergentes en Côte d'Ivoire. Sci. Nat. 5 (2008), 39–48.
Tuenter, E., Exarchou, V., Baldé, A., Cos, P., Maes, L., Sandra Apers, S., Pieters, L., Antiplasmodial cyclopeptide alkaloids from root bark of Hymenocardia acida. J. Nat. Prod. 79 (2016), 1746–1751.
Upadhyay, S., Dixit, M., Role of Polyphenols and Other Phytochemicals on Molecular Signaling. (Article ID 50425) Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2015, 15, 10.1155/2015/504253.
Wagner, H., Bladt, S., Plant Drug Analysis, 2nd ed., 1996, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 3–6.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2013. A global brief on Hypertension: silent killer, global public health crisis (39 pages).
Yayehd, K., Damorou, F., Akakpo, R., Tcherou, T., N'Da, N.W., et al. Prevalence and determinants of hypertension in Lome (Togo): results of a screening in May 2011. Ann. Cardiol. Angiol. 62 (2013), 43–50.
Yoon, J.J., Lee, Y.J., Han, B.H., Choi, E.S., Kho, M.C., Park, J.H., Ahn, Y.M., Kim, H.Y., Kang, D.G., Lee, H.S., Protective effect of betulinic acid on early atherosclerosis in diabetic apolipoprotein-E gene knockout mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 796 (2017), 224–232.
