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Abstract

The recent development of highly undersampled radial gradient echo sequences in combination with nonlinear inverse image
reconstruction now allows for MRI examinations in real time. Image acquisition times as short as 20 ms yield MRI videos with
rates of up to 50 frames per second with spin density, T1- and T2-type contrast. The addition of an initial 180° inversion pulse
achieves accurate T1 mapping within only 4 s. These technical advances promise specific advantages for studies of infants and
young children by eliminating the need for sedation or anesthesia. Our preliminary data demonstrate new diagnostic opportunities
ranging from dynamic studies of speech and swallowing processes and body movements to a rapid volumetric assessment of
brain cerebrospinal fluid spaces in only few seconds. Real-time MRI of the heart and blood flow can be performed without
electrocardiogram gating and under free breathing. The present findings support the idea that real-time MRI will complement
existing methods by providing long-awaited diagnostic options for patients in early childhood. Major advantages are the
avoidance of sedation or anesthesia and the yet unexplored potential to gain insights into arbitrary body functions.