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Formation of Breslow Intermediates from N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Aldehydes Involves Autocatalysis by the Breslow Intermediate, and a Hemiacetal

MPG-Autoren
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Klussmann,  Martin
Research Group Klußmann, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Max Planck Society;
Borchers GmbH;

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Zitation

Wessels, A., Klussmann, M., Breugst, M., Schlörer, N. E., & Berkessel, A. (2022). Formation of Breslow Intermediates from N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Aldehydes Involves Autocatalysis by the Breslow Intermediate, and a Hemiacetal. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61(23): e202117682. doi:10.1002/anie.202117682.


Zitierlink: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000A-A186-8
Zusammenfassung
Under aprotic conditions, the stoichiometric reaction of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) such as imidazolidin-2-ylidenes with aldehydes affords Breslow Intermediates (BIs), involving a formal 1,2-C-to-O proton shift. We herein report kinetic studies (NMR), complemented by DFT calculations, on the mechanism of this kinetically disfavored H-translocation. Variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) revealed that the kinetic orders of the reactants vary for different NHC-to-aldehyde ratios, indicating different and ratio-dependent mechanistic regimes. We propose that for high NHC-to-aldehyde ratios, the H-shift takes place in the primary, zwitterionic NHC-aldehyde adduct. With excess aldehyde, the zwitterion is in equilibrium with a hemiacetal, in which the H-shift occurs. In both regimes, the critical H-shift is auto-catalyzed by the BI. Kinetic isotope effects observed for R-CDO are in line with our proposal. Furthermore, we detected an H-bonded complex of the BI with excess NHC (NMR).