Dominant Ninth Harmonies in American Songs around 1900

Among many changes in creative practices in music during the nineteenth century was the freer treatment of the ninth above the dominant, including independent V9 harmonies. This essay discusses songs composed, performed, and published in the United States from roughly 1890 to 1920. Composers include, among others, Beach, Hageman, Herbert, MacDowell, Nevin, Rogers, and Sousa.