Carcass contamination; Clostridium difficile; Slaughter pigs and cattle
Abstract :
[en] The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Clostridium difficile in intestinal and carcass samples collected from pigs and cattle at a single slaughterhouse. C. difficile was isolated in 1% and 9.9% of the pig and cattle intestinal contents and in 7.9% and 7% of cattle and pig carcass samples respectively. A total of 19 different PCR-ribotypes were identified, among them types 078 and 014. Seven of 19 ribotypes correlated with the PCR-ribotypes involved in human C. difficile infections in Belgium. This study confirms that animals are carriers of C. difficile at slaughter and ribotypes are identical than those in humans, and that carcass contamination occurs inside the slaughterhouse.
Disciplines :
Microbiology Food science
Author, co-author :
Rodriguez Diaz, Cristina ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de sciences des denrées alimentaires > Microbiologie des denrées alimentaires
Avesani, V.
Van Broeck, J.
Taminiau, Bernard ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de sciences des denrées alimentaires > Microbiologie des denrées alimentaires
Delmee, M.
Daube, Georges ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de sciences des denrées alimentaires > Microbiologie des denrées alimentaires
Language :
English
Title :
Presence of Clostridium difficile in pigs and cattle intestinal contents and carcass contamination at the slaughterhouse in Belgium.
Al Saif, N., Brazier, J.S., The distribution of Clostridium difficile in the environment of South Wales (1996) Journal of Medical Microbiology, 45, pp. 133-137
Antikainen, J., Pasanen, T., Mero, S., Tarkka, E., Kirveskari, J., Kotila, S., Mentula, S., Tissari, P., Detection of virulence genes of Clostridium difficile by multiplex PCR (2009) Acta Phatologica, Microbiologica et InmunologicaScandinavica, 117, pp. 607-613
Baker, A.A., Davis, E., Rehberger, T., Rosener, D., Prevalence and diversity of toxigenic Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile among swine herds in the Midwest (2010) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76, pp. 2961-2966
Bauer, M.P., Notermans, D.W., van Benthem, B.H.B., Brazier, J.S., Wilcox, M.H., Rupnik, M., Monnet, D.L., Kuijper, E.J., Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey (2011) The Lancet, 377, pp. 63-73
Bidet, P., Barbut, F., Lalande, V., Burghoffer, B., Petit, J.C., Development of a new PCR-ribotyping method based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (1999) FEMS Microbiology Letters, 175, pp. 261-266
Boer, E., Zwartkruis-Nahuis, A., Heuvelink, A.E., Harmanus, C., Kuijper, E.J., Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in retailed meat in The Netherlands (2011) International Journal of Food Microbiology, 144, pp. 561-564
Costa, M.C., Stämpfli, H.R., Arroyo, L.G., Pearl, D.L., Weese, J.S., Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile on a veal farm: prevalence, molecular characterization and tetracycline resistance (2011) Veterinary Microbiology, 152, pp. 379-384
Curry, S.R., Marsh, J.W., Schlackman, J.L., Harrison, L.H., Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in uncooked ground meat products from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2012) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, pp. 4183-4186
Debast, S.B., van Leengoed, L.A., Goorhuis, A., Harmanus, C., Kuijper, E.J., Bergwerff, A.A., Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078 toxinotype V found in diarrhoeal pigs identical to isolates from affected humans (2009) Environmental Microbiology, 11, pp. 505-511
Delmée, M., Vandercam, B., Avesani, V., Michaux, J.L., Epidemiology and prevention of Clostridium difficile in a leukaemia unit (1987) European Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 6, pp. 623-627
George, W.L., Sutter, V.L., Citron, D., Finegold, S.M., Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile (1979) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 9, pp. 214-219
Goorhuis, A., Bakker, D., Corver, J., Debast, S.B., Harmanus, C., Notermans, D.W., Bergwerff, A.A., Kuijper, E.J., Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotypes 078. Clinical Infection Infectious? (2008) Disease, 47, pp. 1162-1170
Harvey, R.B., Norman, K.N., Andrews, K., Norby, B., Hume, M.E., Scanlan, C.M., Hardin, M.D., Scott, H.M., Clostridium difficile in retail meat and processing plants in Texas (2011) Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 23, pp. 807-811
Hawken, P., Weese, J.S., Friendship, R., Warriner, K., Longitudinal study of Clostridium difficile and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with pigs from weaning through to the end processing (2013) Journal of Food Protection, 76, pp. 624-630
Hensgens, M.P.M., Keessen, E.C., Squire, M.M., Riley, T.V., Koene, M.G.J., De Boer, E., Lipman, L.J.A., Kuijper, E.J., Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease? (2012) Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 18, pp. 635-645. , European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Study Group for Clostridium difficile (ESGCD)
Hoffer, E., Haechler, H., Frei, R., Stephan, R., Low occurrence of Clostridium difficile in faecal samples of healthy calves and pigs at slaughter and in minced meat in Switzerland (2010) Journal of Food Protection, 73, pp. 973-975
Houser, A.B., Soehnlen, K.M., Wolfgang, R.D., Lysczek, R.H., Burns, M.C., Jayarao, M.B., Prevalence of Clostridium difficile toxin genes in the faeces of veal calves and incidence of ground veal contamination (2012) Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 9, pp. 32-36
Indra, A., Lassnig, H., Baliko, N., Much, P., Fiedler, A., Huhulescu, S., Allerberger, F., Clostridium difficile: a new zoonotic agent? (2009) Wiener KlinischeWochenschrift, 121, pp. 91-95
Janezic, S., Ocepek, M., Zidaric, V., Rupnik, M., Clostridium difficile genotypes other than ribotype 078 that are prevalent among human, animal and environmental isolates (2012) Biomedical Central Microbiology, 12, p. 48
Keeseen, E.C., van den Berkt, A.J., Haasjes, N.H., Harmanus, C., Kuijper, E.J., Lipman, L.J., The relation between farm specific factors and prevalence of Clostridium difficile in slaughter pigs (2011) Veterinary Microbiology, 154, pp. 130-134
Koene, M.G.J., Mevious, D., Wagenaar, J.A., Harmanus, C., Hensgens, M.P.M., Meetsma, A.M., Putirulan, F.F., Kuijper, E.J., Clostridium difficile in Dutch animals: their presence, characteristics and similarities with human isolates (2011) Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 18, pp. 778-784
Kuijper, E.J., Coignard, B., Tull, P., Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Nord America and Europa (2006) Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 12, pp. 2-18. , ESCMID Study Group Clostridium difficile EU Member States European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
Lemée, L., Dhalluin, A., Testelin, S., Mattrat, M., Maillard, K., Lemeland, J., Pons, J.L., Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (toxin A), and tcdB (toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile (2004) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42, pp. 5710-5714
Limbago, B., Thompson, A.D., Greene, S.A., MacCannell, D., MacGowan, C.E., Jolbitado, E., Hardin, H.D., Gould, L.H., Development of a consensus method for culture of Clostridium difficile from meat and its use in a survey of U.S. retail meats (2012) Food Microbiology, 32, pp. 448-451
Norman, K.N., Harvey, R.B., Scott, H.M., Hume, M.E., Andrews, K., Brawley, A.D., Varied prevalence of Clostridium difficile in an integrated swine operation (2009) Anaerobe, 15, pp. 256-260
O'Neill, G.L., Ogunsola, F.T., Brazier, J.S., Duerden, B.I., Modification of PCR ribotyping method for application as a routine typing scheme for Clostridium difficile (1996) Anaerobe, 2, pp. 205-209
Pasquale, V., Romano, V.J., Rupnik, M., Dumontet, S., Ciznar, I., Aliberti, F., Mauri, F., Krovacek, K., Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from shellfish and marine environments (2011) Folia Microbiologica, 56, pp. 431-437
Rodriguez, C., Taminiau, B., Van Broeck, J., Avesani, V., Delmée, M., Daube, G., Clostridium difficile in young farm animals and slaughter animals in Belgium (2012) Anaerobe, 18, pp. 621-625
Rodriguez-Palacios, A., Staempfli, H.R., Duffield, T., Peregrine, A.S., Trotz-Williams, L.A., Arroyo, L.G., Brazier, J.S., Weese, J.S., Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in calves, Canada (2006) Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12, pp. 1730-1736
Rodriguez-Palacios, A., Reid-Smith, R.J., Staempfli, H.R., Daignault, D., Janecko, N., Avery, B.P., Martin, H., Weese, J.S., Possibility of seasonality of Clostridium difficile in retail meat, Canada (2009) Emerging Infectious Diseases, 15, pp. 802-805
Rodriguez-Palacios, A., Pickworth, C., Loerch, S., LeJeune, T., Transient faecal shedding and limited animal-to-animal transmission of Clostridium difficile by naturally infected finishing feedlot cattle (2011) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77, pp. 3391-3397
Songer, J.G., Anderson, M.A., Clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals (2006) Anaerobe, 12, pp. 1-4
Susick, E.K., Putnam, M., Bermudez, D.M., Thakur, S., Longitudinal study comparing the dynamics of Clostridium difficile in conventional and antimicrobial free pigs at farm and slaughter (2012) Veterinary Microbiology, 25, pp. 172-178
Thitaram, S.N., Frank, J.F., Lyon, S.A., Siragusa, G.R., Bailey, J.S., Lombard, J.E., Haley, C.A., Fedorka-Cray, P.J., Clostridium difficile from healthy food animals: optimized isolation and prevalence (2011) Journal of Food Protection, 74, pp. 130-133
Weese, J.S., Clostridium difficile in food - innocent bystander or serious threat? (2010) Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 16, pp. 3-10
Weese, J.S., Avery, B.P., Rousseau, J., Reid-Smith, R.J., Detection and enumeration of Clostridium difficile spores in retail beef and pork (2009) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, pp. 5009-5011
Weese, J.S., Rousseau, J., Deckert, A., Gow, S., Reid-Smith, R.J., Clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus shedding by slaughter-age pigs (2011) Biomedical Central Veterinary Research, 7, p. 41
Zidaric, V., Beigot, S., Lapajne, S., Rupnik, M., The occurrence and high diversity of Clostridium difficile genotypes in rivers (2010) Anaerobe, 16, pp. 371-375
Zidaric, V., Pardon, B., Dos Vultos, T., Deprez, P., Brouwer, M.S.M., Roberts, A.P., Henriques, A.O., Rupnik, M., Multiclonal presence of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes 078, 126 and 033 within a single calf farm is associated with differences in antibiotic resistance and sporulation properties (2012) Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78, pp. 8515-8522
