concrete blocks; recycled concrete aggregates; mechanical properties; durability; construction and demolition waste; life cycle assessment
Abstract :
[en] Large amounts of construction and demolition (C&D) waste are generated annually and will increase in the future. Until now, only a small fraction of concrete by-products is re-used as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for the manufacture of concrete. In this paper, the feasibility of using RCA obtained from old precast concrete block was investigated for the industrial scale production of new blocks. Concrete building blocks with different substitution rates (0%, 30% and 100%) of natural aggregates (NA) by the same volume fraction of RCA were manufactured in a factory and the mechanical properties and durability of concrete blocks were monitored. The results show that incorporating RCA slightly decreases the compressive strength and impairs the durability of concrete blocks. However, the compressive strength of concrete blocks made with 100% RCA could reach 11.1 MPa after 28 days, which is within the requirement in Belgian codes for this type of block. The concrete blocks produced with 30% and 100% of RCA reached the strength, capillary water absorption, drying shrinkage and freeze-thaw resistance requirements for concrete blocks specified by Belgian codes. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed on both "classical" blocks with only NA and with substitution of NA by RCA. When considering the additional use of RCA from a nearby C&D waste recycling centre, the substitution of 30% or 100% of NA by RCA led to a reduction in the land use category, in addition to supporting the implementation of the circular economy.
Disciplines :
Civil engineering
Author, co-author :
Zhao, Zengfeng ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Matériaux de construction non métalliques du génie civil
Courard, Luc ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département ArGEnCo > Matériaux de construction non métalliques du génie civil
Groslambert, Sylvie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Department of Chemical Engineering > PEPs (Product, Environment, Processes)
Jehin, Thomas
Léonard, Angélique ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Department of Chemical Engineering > PEPs (Product, Environment, Processes)
Xiao, Jianzhuang; Tongji University > Department of Building Engineering
Language :
English
Title :
Use of recycled concrete aggregates from precast block for the production of new building blocks: an industrial scale study
Publication date :
2020
Journal title :
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
ISSN :
0921-3449
eISSN :
1879-0658
Publisher :
Elsevier, Netherlands
Volume :
157
Issue :
104786
Peer reviewed :
Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi
Name of the research project :
Interreg project VALDEM
Funders :
FP7 - Marie Curie Actions Government of Wallonia (DGO6) Interreg project VALDEM
Barbudo, A., Agrela, F., Ayuso, J., Jiménez, J.R., Poon, C.S., Statistical analysis of recycled aggregates derived from different sources for sub-base applications. Constr. Build. Mater. 28 (2012), 129–138, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.035.
Batayneh, M., Marie, I., Asi, I., Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes. Waste Manag. 27 (2007), 1870–1876, 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.026.
Belgian standard, 1987. NBN b 15-231 concrete testing - Resistance to freezing.
Belgian standard, 1977. NBN b 05-203 resistance of building materials to freezing and thawing cycles.
Belgian standard, 1976. NBN b 15-230 concrete testing - Non destructive testing - Measurement of the resonant frequencies.
Bianchini, G., Marrocchino, E., Tassinari, R., Vaccaro, C., Recycling of construction and demolition waste materials: a chemical-mineralogical appraisal. Waste Manag 25 (2005), 149–159, 10.1016/j.wasman.2004.09.005.
BIBM, 2016. European precast concrete industry. Factbook 2016.
Bogas, J.A., de Brito, J., Ramos, D., Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete produced with fine recycled concrete aggregates. J. Clean. Prod. 115 (2015), 294–306, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.065.
British Standards Institution, 1981. BS 6073: part 1. precast concrete masonry units, specification for precast concrete masonry units.
CEN, 2016. EN 206:2013+A1 concrete - Specification, performance, production and conformity.
CEN, 2013a. EN 12620 aggregates for concrete.
CEN, 2013b. EN 1097-6 tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates - Part 6: determination of particle density and water absorption.
CEN, 2011a. EN 772-16 methods of test for masonry units - Part 16: determination of dimensions.
CEN, 2011b. EN 772-11 methods of test for masonry units - Part 11: determination of water absorption of aggregate concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, manufactured stone and natural stone masonry units due to capillary action and the initial rate of water absorptio.
CEN, 2011c. EN 772-1 methods of test for masonry units - Part 1: determination of compressive strength.
CEN, 2011d EN 771-3 specification for masonry units - Part 3: aggregate concrete units (Dense and lightweight aggregates).
CEN, 2000. EN 772-13 methods of test for masonry units - Part 13: determination of net and gross dry density of masonry units (except for natural stone).
Courard, L., Michel, F., Delhez, P., Use of concrete road recycled aggregates for roller compacted concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (2010), 390–395, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.040.
Debieb, F., Courard, L., Kenai, S., Degeimbre, R., Mechanical and durability properties of concrete using contaminated recycled aggregates. Cem. Concr. Compos. 32 (2010), 421–426, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.03.004.
Delvoie, S., Zhao, Z., Michel, F., Courard, L., Market analysis of recycled sands and aggregates in Northwest Europe: drivers and barriers. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 225, 2019, 10.1088/1755-1315/225/1/012055.
Delvoie, S., Zhao, Z., Michel, F., Courard, L., 2018. WP T1 market analysis and formal regulations in NWE.
Ding, T., Xiao, J., Tam, V.W.Y., A closed-loop life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete utilization in China. Waste Manag. 56 (2016), 367–375, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.031.
EC-JRC-IES, 2010. European commission (EC) - Joint Research centre (JRC) - Institute for environment and sustainability (IES) (2010) international reference life cycle data system (ILCD) handbook - General guide for life cycle assessment - Detailed guidance.
European Commission, 2008. DIRECTIVE 2008/98/EC of the european parliament and of the council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain directives, Off. J. Eur. Union.
Gálvez-Martos, J.L., Styles, D., Schoenberger, H., Zeschmar-Lahl, B., Construction and demolition waste best management practice in Europe. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 136 (2018), 166–178, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.04.016.
Groslambert, S., Breuil, R., Courard, L., Zhao, Z., Léonard, A., Valorization of construction and demolition waste, a route to circular economy : the Valdem project. The 8th Edition [aveniR] Conference, 2018, Lille, France 7-8 november 2018.
Guo, Z., Tu, A., Chen, C., Lehman, D.E., Mechanical properties, durability, and life-cycle assessment of concrete building blocks incorporating recycled concrete aggregates. J. Clean. Prod. 199 (2018), 136–149, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.069.
Hauschild, M.Z., Rosenbaum, R.K., Olsen, S.I., 2018. Life cycle assessment: theory and practice, life cycle assessment: theory and practice. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3.
Huang, W., Lin, D., Chang, N., Lin, K., Recycling of construction and demolition waste via a mechanical sorting process. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 37 (2002), 23–37, 10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00053-8.
ISO. ISO 14040: 2006 Environmental Management–Life Cycle Assessment–Principles and Framework. 2006, International Standard Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
ISO. ISO 14044:2006 - Environmental management - Life Cycle Assessment Requirements and Guidelines. 2006, International Standard Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.
Kurad, R., Silvestre, J.D., de Brito, J., Ahmed, H., Effect of incorporation of high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash on the strength and global warming potential of concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 166 (2017), 485–502, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.236.
Kurda, R., Silvestre, J.D., de Brito, J., Life cycle assessment of concrete made with high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 139 (2018), 407–417, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.004.
Limbachiya, M.C., Leelawat, T., Dhir, R.K., Use of recycled concrete aggregate in high-strength concrete. Mater. Struct. 33 (2000), 574–580, 10.1007/BF02480538.
Marinković, S., Radonjanin, V., Malešev, M., Ignjatović, I., Comparative environmental assessment of natural and recycled aggregate concrete. Waste Manag 30 (2010), 2255–2264, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.012.
Poon, C.S., Chan, D., Effects of contaminants on the properties of concrete paving blocks prepared with recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 21 (2007), 164–175, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.031.
Poon, C.S., Chan, D., Feasible use of recycled concrete aggregates and crushed clay brick as unbound road sub-base. Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (2006), 578–585, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.045.
Poon, C.S., Chan, D., Paving blocks made with recycled concrete aggregate and crushed clay brick. Constr. Build. Mater. 20 (2006), 569–577, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.044.
Poon, C.S., Kou, S.cong, Wan, H.wen, Etxeberria, M., Properties of concrete blocks prepared with low grade recycled aggregates. Waste Manag. 29 (2009), 2369–2377, 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.02.018.
Poon, C.S., Lam, C.S., The effect of aggregate-to-cement ratio and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-cast concrete blocks. Cem. Concr. Compos. 30 (2008), 283–289, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.10.005.
PROBETON, 2011. PTV 21-001 elements de maçonnerie en béton (granulats courants et légers).
Sani, D., Moriconi, G., Fava, G., Corinaldesi, V., Leaching and mechanical behaviour of concrete manufactured with recycled aggregates. Waste Manag. 25 (2005), 177–182, 10.1016/j.wasman.2004.12.006.
Silva, R.V., De Brito, J., Dhir, R.K., Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production. Constr. Build. Mater. 65 (2014), 201–217, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.117.
Soutsos, M.N., Tang, K., Millard, S.G., Concrete building blocks made with recycled demolition aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2011), 726–735, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.014.
UEPG, 2017. European aggregates association – Annual Review 2016-2017, Brussels, Belgium.
Wernet, G., Bauer, C., Steubing, B., Reinhard, J., Moreno-Ruiz, E., Weidema, B., The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 21 (2016), 1218–1230, 10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8.
Xiao, J.-Z., Li, J.-B., Zhang, C., On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: an overview. Mater. Struct. 39 (2007), 655–664, 10.1617/s11527-006-9093-0.
Xiao, J., Li, W., Corr, D.J., Shah, S.P., Effects of interfacial transition zones on the stress – strain behavior of modeled recycled aggregate concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 52 (2013), 82–99, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.05.004.
Xiao, J., Xie, H., Zhang, C., Investigation on building waste and reclaim in Wenchuan earthquake disaster area. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 61 (2012), 109–117, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.012.
Xiao, Z., Ling, T.C., Kou, S.C., Wang, Q., Poon, C.S., Use of wastes derived from earthquakes for the production of concrete masonry partition wall blocks. Waste Manag. 31 (2011), 1859–1866, 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.04.010.
Zhao, Z., Courard, L., Michel, F., Remond, S., Damidot, D., Influence of granular fraction and origin of recycled concrete aggregates on their properties. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng. 22:12 (2018), 1457–1467, 10.1080/19648189.2017.1304281.
Zhao, Z., Courard, L., Michel, F., Remond, S., Damidot, D., 2017a. Properties of concrete blocks made with recycled concrete aggregates : from block wastes to new blocks, in: HISER International Conference: Advances in Recycling and Management of Construction and Demolition Waste. pp. 174–177.
Zhao, Z., Remond, S., Damidot, D., Courard, L., Michel, F., Improving the properties of recycled concrete aggregates by accelerated carbonation. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. - Constr. Mater. 171 (2017), 1–7, 10.1680/jcoma.17.00015.
Zhao, Z., Remond, S., Damidot, D., Xu, W., Influence of fine recycled concrete aggregates on the properties of mortars. Constr. Build. Mater. 81 (2015), 179–186, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.037.
Zhao, Z., Remond, S., Damidot, D., Xu, W., Influence of hardened cement paste content on the water absorption of fine recycled concrete aggregates. J. Sustain. Cem. Mater. 2 (2013), 186–203, 10.1080/21650373.2013.812942.