Acceleration of Dynamic Ice Loss in Antarctica From Satellite Gravimetry

[en] The dynamic stability of the Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the largest uncertainties in projections of future global sea-level rise. Essential for improving projections of the ice sheet evolution is the understanding of the ongoing trends and accelerations of mass loss in the context of ice dynamics. Here, we examine accelerations of mass change of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 2002 to 2020 using data from the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment; 2002–2017) and its follow-on GRACE-FO (2018-present) satellite missions. By subtracting estimates of net snow accumulation provided by re-analysis data and regional climate models from GRACE/GRACE-FO mass changes, we isolate variations in ice-dynamic discharge and compare them to direct measurements based on the remote sensing of the surface-ice velocity (2002–2017). We show that variations in the GRACE/GRACE-FO time series are modulated by variations in regional snow accumulation caused by large-scale atmospheric circulation. We show for the first time that, after removal of these surface effects, accelerations of ice-dynamic discharge from GRACE/GRACE-FO agree well with those independently derived from surface-ice velocities. For 2002–2020, we recover a discharge acceleration of -5.3 ± 2.2 Gt yr−2 for the entire ice sheet; these increasing losses originate mainly in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Sea Embayment regions (68%), with additional significant contributions from Dronning Maud Land (18%) and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf region (13%). Under the assumption that the recovered rates and accelerations of mass loss persisted independent of any external forcing, Antarctica would contribute 7.6 ± 2.9 cm to global mean sea-level rise by the year 2100, more than two times the amount of 2.9 ± 0.6 cm obtained by linear extrapolation of current GRACE/GRACE-FO mass loss trends.

Research center :

Sphères - SPHERES

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Diener, T.

Sasgen, I.

Agosta, C.

Furst, J.

Braun, M.

Konrad, H.

Fettweis, Xavier ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géographie > Climatologie et Topoclimatologie

Language :

English

Title :

Acceleration of Dynamic Ice Loss in Antarctica From Satellite Gravimetry

Publication date :

24 December 2021

Journal title :

Frontiers in Earth Sciences

eISSN :

1863-4621

Publisher :

Springer, Germany

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Tags :

CÉCI : Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif

Additional URL :

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.741789/full

Funders :

F.R.S.-FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [BE]
CÉCI - Consortium des Équipements de Calcul Intensif [BE]

Available on ORBi :

since 30 December 2021

Statistics

Number of views

63 (4 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

39 (2 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Agosta C. Amory C. Kittel C. Orsi A. Favier V. Gallée H. et al. (2019). Estimation of the Antarctic Surface Mass Balance Using the Regional Climate Model MAR (1979-2015) and Identification of Dominant Processes. The Cryosphere 13, 281–296. 10.5194/tc-13-281-2019
Arthern R. J. Williams C. R. (2017). The Sensitivity of West Antarctica to the Submarine Melting Feedback. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 2352–2359. 10.1002/2017GL072514
Barker L. J. Hannaford J. Chiverton A. Svensson C. (2016). From Meteorological to Hydrological Drought Using Standardised Indicators. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 2483–2505. 10.5194/hess-20-2483-2016
Barletta V. R. Bevis M. Smith B. E. Wilson T. Brown A. Bordoni A. et al. (2018). Observed Rapid Bedrock Uplift in Amundsen Sea Embayment Promotes Ice-Sheet Stability. Science 360, 1335–1339. 10.1126/science.aao1447
Bettadpur S. (2018). GRACE UTCSR Level-2 Processing Standards Document for Level-2 Product Release 0006. Available at: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/grace/DOCUMENTS/Level-2/GRACE_CSR_L2_Processing_Standards_Document_for_RL06.pdf.
Boening C. Lebsock M. Landerer F. Stephens G. (2012). Snowfall‐driven Mass Change on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L21501. 10.1029/2012gl053316
Brancato V. Rignot E. Milillo P. Morlighem M. Mouginot J. An L. et al. (2020). Grounding Line Retreat of Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, Measured with COSMO‐SkyMed Radar Interferometry Data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2019GL086291. 10.1029/2019GL086291
Chuter S. J. Martín-Español A. Wouters B. Bamber J. L. (2017). Mass Balance Reassessment of Glaciers Draining into the Abbot and Getz Ice Shelves of West Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 7328–7337. 10.1002/2017GL073087
Cook A. J. Holland P. R. Meredith M. P. Murray T. Luckman A. Vaughan D. G. (2016). Ocean Forcing of Glacier Retreat in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Science 353, 283–286. 10.1126/science.aae0017
Copernicus Climate Change Service (2017). ERA5: Fifth Generation of ECMWF Atmospheric Reanalyses of the Global Climate. Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Data Store (CDS), Date of Access. Available at: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/home (Accessed November 4, 2019).
Cullather R. I. Bromwich D. H. Van Woert M. L. (1996). Interannual Variations in Antarctic Precipitation Related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19109–19118. 10.1029/96JD01769
Dahle C. Murböck M. Flechtner F. Dobslaw H. Michalak G. Neumayer K. et al. (2019). The GFZ GRACE RL06 Monthly Gravity Field Time Series: Processing Details and Quality Assessment. Remote Sensing 11, 2116. 10.3390/rs11182116
De Angelis H. Skvarca P. (2003). Glacier Surge after Ice Shelf Collapse. Science 299, 1560–1562. 10.1126/science.1077987
DeConto R. M. Pollard D. (2016). Contribution of Antarctica to Past and Future Sea-Level Rise. Nature 531, 591–597. 10.1038/nature17145
Dobslaw H. Bergmann-Wolf I. Dill R. Poropat L. Thomas M. Dahle C. et al. (2017). A New High-Resolution Model of Non-tidal Atmosphere and Ocean Mass Variability for De-aliasing of Satellite Gravity Observations: AOD1B RL06. Geophys. J. Int. 211, 263–269. 10.1093/gji/ggx302
Durand G. Pattyn F. (2015). Reducing Uncertainties in Projections of Antarctic Ice Mass Loss. The Cryosphere 9, 2043–2055. 10.5194/tc-9-2043-2015
Edwards T. L. Nowicki S. Marzeion B. Hock R. Goelzer H. Seroussi H. et al. (2021). Projected Land Ice Contributions to Twenty-First-century Sea Level Rise. Nature 593, 74–82. 10.1038/s41586-021-03302-y
Fogt R. L. Bromwich D. H. (2006). Decadal Variability of the ENSO Teleconnection to the High-Latitude South Pacific Governed by Coupling with the Southern Annular Mode*. J. Clim. 19, 979–997. 10.1175/JCLI3671.1
Fretwell P. Pritchard H. D. Vaughan D. G. Bamber J. L. Barrand N. E. Bell R. et al. (2013). Bedmap2: Improved Ice Bed, Surface and Thickness Datasets for Antarctica. Cryosphere Discuss. 7, 375. 10.5194/tcd-6-4305-2012
Fürst J. J. Durand G. Gillet-Chaulet F. Tavard L. Rankl M. Braun M. et al. (2016). The Safety Band of Antarctic Ice Shelves. Nat. Clim Change 6, 479–482. 10.1038/nclimate2912
Garbe J. Albrecht T. Levermann A. Donges J. F. Winkelmann R. (2020). The Hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature 585, 538–544. 10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5
Gardner A. S. Moholdt G. Scambos T. Fahnstock M. Ligtenberg S. van den Broeke M. et al. (2018). Increased West Antarctic and Unchanged East Antarctic Ice Discharge over the Last 7 Years. The Cryosphere 12, 521–547. 10.5194/tc-12-521-2018
Gomez N. Mitrovica J. X. Tamisiea M. E. Clark P. U. (2010). A New Projection of Sea Level Change in Response to Collapse of marine Sectors of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Geophys. J. Int. 180, 623–634. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04419.x
Greenbaum J. S. Blankenship D. D. Young D. A. Richter T. G. Roberts J. L. Aitken A. R. A. et al. (2015). Ocean Access to a Cavity beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica. Nat. Geosci 8, 294–298. 10.1038/ngeo2388
Hardy R. A. Nerem R. S. Wiese D. N. (2017). The Impact of Atmospheric Modeling Errors on GRACE Estimates of Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 122, 10,440–10,458. 10.1002/2017JB014556
Hogg A. E. Shepherd A. Cornford S. L. Briggs K. H. Gourmelen N. Graham J. A. et al. (2017). Increased Ice Flow in Western Palmer Land Linked to Ocean Melting. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 4159–4167. 10.1002/2016gl072110
Ivins E. R. James T. S. Wahr J. O. Schrama E. J. Simon K. M. Simon K. M. (2013). Antarctic Contribution to Sea Level Rise Observed by GRACE with Improved GIA Correction. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 118, 3126–3141. 10.1002/jgrb.50208
Jacob T. Wahr J. Pfeffer W. T. Swenson S. (2012). Recent Contributions of Glaciers and Ice Caps to Sea Level Rise. Nature 482, 514–518. 10.1038/nature10847
Jenkins A. Shoosmith D. Dutrieux P. Jacobs S. Kim T. W. Lee S. H. et al. (2018). West Antarctic Ice Sheet Retreat in the Amundsen Sea Driven by Decadal Oceanic Variability. Nat. Geosci 11, 733–738. 10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4
Joughin I. Bindschadler R. A. King M. A. Voigt D. Alley R. B. Anandakrishnan S. et al. (2005). Continued Deceleration of Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, n/a. 10.1029/2005gl024319
Joughin I. Smith B. E. Medley B. (2014). Marine Ice Sheet Collapse Potentially under Way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica. Science 344, 735–738. 10.1126/science.1249055
Joughin I. Tulaczyk S. (2002). Positive Mass Balance of the Ross Ice Streams, West Antarctica. Science 295, 476–480. 10.1126/science.1066875
Kaitheri A. Mémin A. Rémy F. (2021). Inter-Annual Variability in the Antarctic Ice Sheets Using Geodetic Observations and a Climate Model. Remote Sensing 13, 2199. 10.3390/rs13112199
Konrad H. Gilbert L. Cornford S. L. Payne A. Hogg A. Muir A. et al. (2017). Uneven Onset and Pace of Ice‐dynamical Imbalance in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 910–918. 10.1002/2016GL070733
Konrad H. Shepherd A. Gilbert L. Hogg A. E. McMillan M. Muir A. et al. (2018). Net Retreat of Antarctic Glacier Grounding Lines. Nat. Geosci 11, 258–262. 10.1038/s41561-018-0082-z
Lenaerts J. T. M. van den Broeke M. R. van de Berg W. J. van Meijgaard E. Kuipers Munneke P. (2012). A New, High-Resolution Surface Mass Balance Map of Antarctica (1979-2010) Based on Regional Atmospheric Climate Modeling: SMB ANTARCTICA. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, n/a. 10.1029/2011gl050713
Levermann A. Winkelmann R. Albrecht T. Goelzer H. Golledge N. R. Greve R. et al. (2020). Projecting Antarctica's Contribution to Future Sea Level Rise from Basal Ice Shelf Melt Using Linear Response Functions of 16 Ice Sheet Models (LARMIP-2). Earth Syst. Dynam. 11, 35–76. 10.5194/esd-11-35-2020
Li X. Rignot E. Morlighem M. Mouginot J. Scheuchl B. (2015). Grounding Line Retreat of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, 1996 to 2013. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 8049–8056. 10.1002/2015gl065701
Li X. Rignot E. Mouginot J. Scheuchl B. (2016). Ice Flow Dynamics and Mass Loss of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, from 1989 to 2015. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 6366–6373. 10.1002/2016GL069173
Lovell A. M. Stokes C. R. Jamieson S. S. R. (2017). Sub-decadal Variations in Outlet Glacier Terminus Positions in Victoria Land, Oates Land and George V Land, East Antarctica (1972-2013). Antarctic Sci. 29, 468–483. 10.1017/s0954102017000074
Lowry D. P. Krapp M. Golledge N. R. Alevropoulos-Borrill A. (2021). The Influence of Emissions Scenarios on Future Antarctic Ice Loss Is Unlikely to Emerge This century. Commun. Earth Environ. 2, 221. 10.1038/s43247-021-00289-2
Mankoff K. D. Solgaard A. Colgan W. Ahlstrøm A. P. Khan S. A. Fausto R. S. (2020). Greenland Ice Sheet Solid Ice Discharge from 1986 through March 2020. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 12, 1367–1383. 10.5194/essd-12-1367-2020
Martín‐Español A. King M. A. Zammit‐Mangion A. Andrews S. B. Moore P. Bamber J. L. (2016). An Assessment of Forward and Inverse GIA Solutions for Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 121, 6947–6965.
Martinec Z. (1989). Program to Calculate the Spectral Harmonic Expansion Coefficients of the Two Scalar fields Product. Comput. Phys. Commun. 54, 177–182. 10.1016/0010-4655(89)90043-X
Mémin A. Flament T. Alizier B. Watson C. Rémy F. (2015). Interannual Variation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from a Combined Analysis of Satellite Gravimetry and Altimetry Data. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 422, 150–156. 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.045
Miles B. W. J. Jordan J. R. Stokes C. R. Jamieson S. S. R. Gudmundsson G. H. Jenkins A. (2021). Recent Acceleration of Denman Glacier (1972-2017), East Antarctica, Driven by Grounding Line Retreat and Changes in Ice Tongue Configuration. The Cryosphere 15, 663–676. 10.5194/tc-15-663-2021
Morlighem M. Rignot E. Binder T. Blankenship D. Drews R. Eagles G. et al. (2020). Deep Glacial Troughs and Stabilizing Ridges Unveiled beneath the Margins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nat. Geosci. 13, 132–137. 10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8
Mottram R. Hansen N. Kittel C. van Wessem M. Agosta C. Amory C. et al. (2020). What Is the Surface Mass Balance of Antarctica? an Intercomparison of Regional Climate Model Estimates. Ice sheets/Antarctic. 10.5194/tc-2019-333
Mouginot J. Rignot E. Scheuchl B. (2014). Sustained Increase in Ice Discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 1576–1584. 10.1002/2013gl059069
Nakayama Y. Menemenlis D. Zhang H. Schodlok M. Rignot E. (2018). Origin of Circumpolar Deep Water Intruding onto the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Sea continental Shelves. Nat. Commun. 9, 3403. 10.1038/s41467-018-05813-1
Nield G. A. Barletta V. R. Bordoni A. King M. A. Whitehouse P. L. Clarke P. J. et al. (2014). Rapid Bedrock Uplift in the Antarctic Peninsula Explained by Viscoelastic Response to Recent Ice Unloading. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 397, 32–41. 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.019
Nield G. A. Whitehouse P. L. King M. A. Clarke P. J. (2016). Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Response to Changing Late Holocene Behaviour of Ice Streams on the Siple Coast, West Antarctica. Geophys. J. Int. 205, 1–21. 10.1093/gji/ggv532
Paolo F. S. Fricker H. A. Padman L. (2015). Volume Loss from Antarctic Ice Shelves Is Accelerating. Science 348, 327–331. 10.1126/science.aaa0940
Parker G. B. Pryor D. S. (1983). The Other Side of Statistical Significance. Meteorol. Mag. 13, 183. 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1983.tb02682.x
Payne A. J. Nowicki S. Abe‐Ouchi A. Agosta C. Alexander P. Albrecht T. et al. (2021). Future Sea Level Change under Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and Phase 6 Scenarios from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, e2020GL091741. 10.1029/2020GL091741
Peltier W. R. Argus D. F. Drummond R. (2015). Space Geodesy Constrains Ice Age Terminal Deglaciation: The Global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) Model. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120, 450–487. 10.1002/2014JB011176
Reese R. Gudmundsson G. H. Levermann A. Winkelmann R. (2018). The Far Reach of Ice-Shelf Thinning in Antarctica. Nat. Clim Change 8, 53–57. 10.1038/s41558-017-0020-x
Rignot E. Bamber J. L. Van Den Broeke M. R. Davis C. Li Y. Van De Berg W. J. et al. (2008). Recent Antarctic Ice Mass Loss from Radar Interferometry and Regional Climate Modelling. Nat. Geosci 1, 106–110. 10.1038/ngeo102
Rignot E. J. Gogineni S. P. Krabill W. B. Ekholm S. (1997). North and Northeast Greenland Ice Discharge from Satellite Radar Interferometry. Science 276, 934–937. 10.1126/science.276.5314.934
Rignot E. Mouginot J. Morlighem M. Seroussi H. Scheuchl B. (2014). Widespread, Rapid Grounding Line Retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler Glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 3502–3509. 10.1002/2014gl060140
Rignot E. Mouginot J. Scheuchl B. Van den Broeke M. van Wessem M. J. Morlighem M. (2019a). Four Decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Balance from 1979-2017. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116, 1095–1103. 10.1073/pnas.1812883116
Rignot E. Mouginot J. Scheuchl B. van den Broeke M. van Wessem M. J. Morlighem M. (2019b). Four Decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Balance from 1979-2017. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 116, 1095–1103. 10.1073/pnas.1812883116
Rintoul S. R. Silvano A. Pena-Molino B. van Wijk E. Rosenberg M. Greenbaum J. S. et al. (2016). Ocean Heat Drives Rapid Basal Melt of the Totten Ice Shelf. Sci. Adv. 2, e1601610. 10.1126/sciadv.1601610
Sasgen I. Groh A. Horwath M. (2019a). GFZ GravIS RL06 Ice-Mass Change Products. GFZ Data Serv. 2. 10.5880/GFZ.GRAVIS_06_L3_ICE
Sasgen I. Konrad H. Helm V. Grosfeld K. (2019b). High-Resolution Mass Trends of the Antarctic Ice Sheet through a Spectral Combination of Satellite Gravimetry and Radar Altimetry Observations. Remote Sensing 11, 144. 10.3390/rs11020144
Sasgen I. Konrad H. Ivins E. R. Van den Broeke M. R. Bamber J. L. Martinec Z. et al. (2013). Antarctic Ice-Mass Balance 2003 to 2012: Regional Reanalysis of GRACE Satellite Gravimetry Measurements with Improved Estimate of Glacial-Isostatic Adjustment Based on GPS Uplift Rates. The Cryosphere 7, 1499–1512. 10.5194/tc-7-1499-2013
Sasgen I. Martín-Español A. Horvath A. Klemann V. Petrie E. J. Wouters B. et al. (2017). Joint Inversion Estimate of Regional Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Antarctica Considering a Lateral Varying Earth Structure (ESA STSE Project REGINA). Geophys. J. Int. 211, 1534–1553. 10.1093/gji/ggx368
Sasgen I. Wouters B. Gardner A. S. King M. D. Tedesco M. Landerer F. W. et al. (2020). Return to Rapid Ice Loss in Greenland and Record Loss in 2019 Detected by the GRACE-FO Satellites. Commun. Earth Environ. 1, 8. 10.1038/s43247-020-0010-1
Save H. Bettadpur S. Tapley B. D. (2016). High-resolution CSR GRACE RL05 Mascons. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 121, 7547–7569. 10.1002/2016jb013007
Save H. (2019). GRACE Follow-On CSR Level-2 Processing Standards Document. Available at: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/grace-fo/DOCUMENTS/Level-2/GRACE-FO_CSR_L2_Processing_Standards_Document_for_RL06.pdf.
Scambos T. A. (2004). Glacier Acceleration and Thinning after Ice Shelf Collapse in the Larsen B Embayment, Antarctica. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L18402. 10.1029/2004GL020670
Schannwell C. Cornford S. Pollard D. Barrand N. E. (2018). Dynamic Response of Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet to Potential Collapse of Larsen C and George VI Ice Shelves. The Cryosphere 12, 2307–2326. 10.5194/tc-12-2307-2018
Scheuchl B. Mouginot J. Rignot E. (2012). Ice Velocity Changes in the Ross and Ronne Sectors Observed Using Satellite Radar Data from 1997 and 2009. The Cryosphere 6, 1019–1030. 10.5194/tc-6-1019-2012
Schröder L. Horwath M. Dietrich R. Helm V. van den Broeke M. R. Ligtenberg S. R. M. (2019). Four Decades of Antarctic Surface Elevation Changes from Multi-mission Satellite Altimetry. The Cryosphere 13, 427–449. 10.5194/tc-13-427-2019
Selley H. L. Hogg A. E. Cornford S. Dutrieux P. Shepherd A. Wuite J. et al. (2021). Widespread Increase in Dynamic Imbalance in the Getz Region of Antarctica from 1994 to 2018. Nat. Commun. 12, 1133. 10.1038/s41467-021-21321-1
Seroussi H. Nowicki S. Payne A. J. Goelzer H. Lipscomb W. H. Abe-Ouchi A. et al. (2020). ISMIP6 Antarctica: a Multi-Model Ensemble of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Evolution over the 21st century. The Cryosphere 14, 3033–3070. 10.5194/tc-14-3033-2020
Shepherd A. Gilbert L. Muir A. S. Konrad H. McMillan M. Slater T. et al. (2019). Trends in Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation and Mass. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 8174–8183. 10.1029/2019GL082182
Shepherd A. Ivins E. Rignot E. Smith B. van den Broeke M. Velicogna I. et al. (2018). Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017. Nature 558, 219–222. 10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y
Silva A. B. Arigony-Neto J. Braun M. H. Espinoza J. M. A. Costi J. Jaña R. (2020). Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Changes in the Glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula. Glob. Planet. Change 184, 103079. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.103079
Smith B. Fricker H. A. Gardner A. S. Medley B. Nilsson J. Paolo F. S. et al. (2020). Pervasive Ice Sheet Mass Loss Reflects Competing Ocean and Atmosphere Processes. Science 368, 1239–1242. 10.1126/science.aaz5845
Sutter J. Gierz P. Grosfeld K. Thoma M. Lohmann G. (2016). Ocean Temperature Thresholds for Last Interglacial West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 2675–2682. 10.1002/2016GL067818
Sutterley T. C. Velicogna I. Rignot E. Mouginot J. Flament T. van den Broeke M. R. et al. (2014). Mass Loss of the Amundsen Sea Embayment of West Antarctica from Four Independent Techniques. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 8421–8428. 10.1002/2014GL061940
Tapley B. D. Bettadpur S. Watkins M. Reigber C. (2004). The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment: Mission Overview and Early Results. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L09607. 10.1029/2004gl019920
Tapley B. D. Watkins M. M. Flechtner F. Reigber C. Bettadpur S. Rodell M. et al. (2019). Contributions of GRACE to Understanding Climate Change. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 358–369. 10.1038/s41558-019-0456-2
Thomas R. Scheuchl B. Frederick E. Harpold R. Martin C. Rignot E. (2013). Continued Slowing of the Ross Ice Shelf and Thickening of West Antarctic Ice Streams. J. Glaciol. 59, 838–844. 10.3189/2013jog12j122
Thompson D. W. J. Solomon S. (2002). Interpretation of Recent Southern Hemisphere Climate Change. Science 296, 895–899. 10.1126/science.1069270
Tong X. Liu S. Li R. Xie H. Liu S. Qiao G. et al. (2018). Multi-track Extraction of Two-Dimensional Surface Velocity by the Combined Use of Differential and Multiple-Aperture InSAR in the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. Remote Sensing Environ. 204, 122–137. 10.1016/j.rse.2017.10.036
Trenberth K. E. (1975). A Quasi-Biennial Standing Wave in the Southern Hemisphere and Interrelations with Sea Surface Temperature. Q.J R. Met. Soc. 101, 55–74. 10.1002/qj.49710142706
Turner J. Lu H. White I. King J. C. Phillips T. Hosking J. S. et al. (2016). Absence of 21st century Warming on Antarctic Peninsula Consistent with Natural Variability. Nature 535, 411–415. 10.1038/nature18645
Turner J. (2004). The El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Antarctica. Int. J. Climatol. 24, 1–31. 10.1002/joc.965
van Wessem J. M. van de Berg W. J. Noël B. P. Y. van Meijgaard E. Amory C. Birnbaum G. et al. (2018). Modelling the Climate and Surface Mass Balance of Polar Ice Sheets Using RACMO2 - Part 2: Antarctica (1979-2016). The Cryosphere 12, 1479–1498. 10.5194/tc-12-1479-2018
Velicogna I. Mohajerani Y. A G. Landerer F. Mouginot J. Noel B. et al. (2020). Continuity of Ice Sheet Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica from the GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Missions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2020GL087291. 10.1029/2020GL087291
WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018). Global Sea-Level Budget 1993–present. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10, 1551–1590. 10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
Wouters B. Bamber J. L. Van den Broeke M. R. Lenaerts J. T. M. Sasgen I. (2013). Limits in Detecting Acceleration of Ice Sheet Mass Loss Due to Climate Variability. Nat. Geosci 6, 613–616. 10.1038/ngeo1874
Wouters B. Gardner A. S. Moholdt G. (2019). Global Glacier Mass Loss during the GRACE Satellite Mission (2002-2016). Front. Earth Sci. 7, 96. 10.3389/feart.2019.00096
Wouters B. Martin-Español A. Helm V. Flament T. van Wessem J. M. Ligtenberg S. R. M. et al. (2015). Dynamic Thinning of Glaciers on the Southern Antarctic Peninsula. Science 348, 899–903. 10.1126/science.aaa5727
Yuan D.-N. (2019). GRACE Follow-On JPL Level-2 Processing Standards Document for Level-2 Product Release 06. Available at: http://icgem.gfz-potsdam.de/GRACE-FO_JPL_L2_Processing_Standards_Document_for_RL06.pdf.
Zhang B. Yao Y. Liu L. Yang Y. (2021). Interannual Ice Mass Variations over the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 2003 to 2017 Were Linked to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 560, 116796. 10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116796