General Veterinary; calf; point-of-care ultrasound; caudal vena cava; intravascular volume status
Abstract :
[en] Ultrasonographic measurements of the caudal vena cava (CVC) and aorta (Ao) are known as reliable tools to assess intravascular volume status in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining ultrasonographical measurements of CVC and Ao in two different views, assess intra- and interobserver variability, and study the effect of sex, age, body weight, and breed on measurements in healthy calves. The diameter and area of CVC and Ao were measured by a single investigator in two anatomic sites (subxiphoid and paralumbar window) in 48 calves aged less than 60 days and then repeated 2.5 months after the first assessment. For intra- and interobserver variability assessment, CVC and Ao measurements were repeated by three observers on five randomly selected calves. CVC and Ao measurements were easily obtained in PV and more difficult to obtain in SV. CVC and Ao area in PV showed high repeatability and reproducibility. A positive correlation was highlighted between age and CVC and Ao measurements in both sites. In conclusion, CVC size assessment by point of care ultrasound can be easily performed at a paralumbar site in calves under 4 months of age and could be used to assess intravascular volume status.
Disciplines :
Veterinary medicine & animal health
Author, co-author :
Casalta, Hélène ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'Enseignement et de Clinique des animaux de Production (DCP) > Gestion de la santé des ruminants
Busoni, Valeria ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'Enseignement et de Clinique des animaux de Compagnie (DCC) > Imagerie médicale des animaux de compagnie
Eppe, Justine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'Enseignement et de Clinique des animaux de Production (DCP) > Gestion de la santé des ruminants
Grulke, Sigrid ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'Enseignement et de Clinique des Equidés (DCE) > Chirurgie des équidés
Merveille, Anne-Christine ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'Enseignement et de Clinique des animaux de Compagnie (DCC) > Cardiologie des animaux de compagnie
Moula, Nassim ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département des sciences biomédicales et précliniques > Méthodes expérimentales des animaux de laboratoire et éthique en expérimentation animale
Gommeren, Kris ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département d'Enseignement et de Clinique des animaux de Compagnie (DCC) > Urgences / Soins intensifs des animaux de compagnie
Language :
English
Title :
Ultrasonographical Assessment of Caudal Vena Cava Size through Different Views in Healthy Calves: A Pilot Study
Fecteau, G.; Desrochers, A.; Francoz, D.; Nichols, S. Diagnostic Approach to the Acute Abdomen. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. 2018, 34, 19–33. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mulon, P.Y.; Desrochers, A. Surgical Abdomen of the Calf. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. 2005, 21, 101–132. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lausch, C.K.; Lorch, A.; Giertzuch, S.; Rieger, A.; Knubben-Schweizer, G.; Trefz, F.M. Prognostic Relevance of Pre-and Postoperative Plasma L-Lactate Measurements in Calves with Acute Abdominal Emergencies. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 1856–1865. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Constable, P.D.; Trefz, F.M.; Sen, I.; Berchtold, J.; Nouri, M.; Smith, G.; Grünberg, W. Intravenous and Oral Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves With Diarrhea or Sepsis and in Adult Cattle. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021, 7, 603358. [CrossRef]
Mercolini, F.; Di Leo, V.; Bordin, G.; Melotti, R.; Sperotto, F.; Pettenazzo, A.; Amigoni, A.; Tosoni, A. Central Venous Pressure Estimation by Ultrasound Measurement of Inferior Vena Cava and Aorta Diameters in Pediatric Critical Patients: An Observational Study. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 2021, 22, e1–e9. [CrossRef]
Behnke, S.; Robel-Tillig, E. Index from Diameter of Inferior Vena Cava and Abdominal Aorta of Newborns—A Relevant Method for Evaluation of Hypovolemia. Z. Fur Geburtshilfe Und Neonatol. 2020, 224, 199–207.
Choi, Y.A.; Kwon, H.; Lee, J.H.; Jung, J.Y.; Choi, Y.J. Comparison of Sonographic Inferior Vena Cava and Aorta Indexes during Fluid Administered in Children. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2018, 36, 1529–1533. [CrossRef]
Sänger, F.; Dorsch, R.; Hartmann, K.; Dörfelt, R. Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Caudal Vena Cava Diameter in Cats during Blood Donation. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2021, 24, 1098612X211028838. [CrossRef]
Meneghini, C.; Rabozzi, R.; Franci, P. Correlation of the Ratio of Caudal Vena Cava Diameter and Aorta Diameter with Systolic Pressure Variation in Anesthetized Dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2016, 77, 137–143. [CrossRef]
Ciozda, W.; Kedan, I.; Kehl, D.W.; Zimmer, R.; Khandwalla, R.; Kimchi, A. The Efficacy of Sonographic Measurement of Inferior Vena Cava Diameter as an Estimate of Central Venous Pressure. Cardiovasc. Ultrasound 2016, 14, 33. [CrossRef]
Johnson, B.D.; Schlader, Z.J.; Schaake, M.W.; O’Leary, M.C.; Hostler, D.; Lin, H.; St. James, E.; Lema, P.C.; Bola, A.; Clemency, B.M. Inferior Vena Cava Diameter Is an Early Marker of Central Hypovolemia during Simulated Blood Loss. Prehospital Emerg. Care 2020, 25, 341–346. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Schmidt, G.A. POINT: Should Acute Fluid Resuscitation Be Guided Primarily by Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound for Patients in Shock? Yes. Chest 2017, 151, 531–532. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Preau, S.; Bortolotti, P.; Colling, D.; Dewavrin, F.; Colas, V.; Voisin, B.; Onimus, T.; Drumez, E.; Durocher, A.; Redheuil, A.; et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of the Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Spontaneously Breathing Patients with Sepsis and Acute Circulatory Failure. Crit. Care Med. 2017, 45, e290–e297. [CrossRef]
Kwon, H.; Jung, J.Y.; Lee, J.H.; Kwak, Y.H.; Kim, D.K.; Jung, J.H.; Chang, I.W.; Kim, K. Sonographic Aorta/IVC Cross-Sectional Area Index for Evaluation of Dehydration in Children. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2016, 34, 1840–1844. [CrossRef]
Darnis, E.; Boysen, S.; Merveille, A.C.; Desquilbet, L.; Chalhoub, S.; Gommeren, K. Establishment of Reference Values of the Caudal Vena Cava by Fast-Ultrasonography through Different Views in Healthy Dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2018, 32, 1308–1318. [CrossRef]
Kwak, J.; Yoon, H.; Kim, J.; Kim, M.; Eom, K. Ultrasonographic Measurement of Caudal Vena Cava to Aorta Ratios for Determination of Volume Depletion in Normal Beagle Dogs. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound 2018, 59, 203–211. [CrossRef]
Hultman, T.M.; Boysen, S.R.; Owen, R.; Yozova, I.D. Ultrasonographically Derived Caudal Vena Cava Parameters Acquired in a Standing Position and Lateral Recumbency in Healthy, Lightly Sedated Cats: A Pilot Study. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2021, 1098612X2110646. [CrossRef]
Del Prete, C.; Freccero, F.; Lanci, A.; Hallowell, G.D.; Bullone, C.; Castagnetti, C.; Pasolini, M.P. Transabdominal Ultrasonographic Measurement of Caudal Vena Cava to Aorta Derived Ratios in Clinically Healthy Neonatal Foals. Vet. Med. Sci. 2021, 7, 1451–1459. [CrossRef]
Tuplin, M.C.; Romero, A.E.; Boysen, S.R. Influence of the Respiratory Cycle on Caudal Vena Cava Diameter Measured by Sonography in Healthy Foals: A Pilot Study. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2017, 31, 1556–1562. [CrossRef]
Braun, U.; Krüger, S. Ultrasonography of the Spleen, Liver, Gallbladder, Caudal Vena Cava and Portal Vein in Healthy Calves from Birth to 104 Days of Age. Acta Vet. Scand. 2013, 55, 68. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Orso, D.; Paoli, I.; Piani, T.; Cilenti, F.L.; Cristiani, L.; Guglielmo, N. Accuracy of Ultrasonographic Measurements of Inferior Vena Cava to Determine Fluid Responsiveness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Intensive Care Med. 2020, 35, 354–363. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Darnis, E.; Merveille, A.C.; Desquilbet, L.; Boysen, S.; Gommeren, K. Interobserver Agreement between Non-Cardiologist Veterinarians and a Cardiologist after a 6-Hour Training Course for Echographic Evaluation of Basic Echocardiographic Parameters and Caudal Vena Cava Diameter in 15 Healthy Beagles. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2019, 29, 495–504. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Kory, P. COUNTERPOINT: Should Acute Fluid Resuscitation Be Guided Primarily by Inferior Vena Cava Ultrasound for Patients in Shock? No. Chest 2017, 151, 533–536. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gui, J.; Zhou, B.; Liu, J.; Ou, B.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, L.; Tang, W.; Luo, B.; Yang, Z. Impact of Body Characteristics on Ultrasound-Measured Inferior Vena Cava Parameters in Chinese Children. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2019, 52, 6–11. [CrossRef]
Kathuria, N.; Ng, L.; Saul, T.; Lewiss, R.E. The Baseline Diameter of the Inferior Vena Cava Measured by Sonography Increases with Age in Normovolemic Children. J. Ultrasound Med. 2015, 34, 1091–1096. [CrossRef]
Stenson, E.K.; Punn, R.; Ramsi, M.; Kache, S. A Retrospective Evaluation of Echocardiograms to Establish Normative Inferior Vena Cava and Aortic Measurements for Children Younger than 6 Years. J. Ultrasound Med. 2018, 37, 2225–2232. [CrossRef]
Mannarino, S.; Bulzomì, P.; Codazzi, A.C.; Rispoli, G.A.; Tinelli, C.; De Silvestri, A.; Manzoni, F.; Chiapedi, S. Inferior Vena Cava, Abdominal Aorta, and IVC-to-Aorta Ratio in Healthy Caucasian Children: Ultrasound Z-Scores According to BSA and Age. J. Cardiol. 2019, 74, 388–393. [CrossRef]
Häggström, J.; Andersson, O.; Falk, T.; Nilsfors, L.; OIsson, U.; Kresken, J.G.; Höglund, K.; Rishniw, M.; Tidholm, A.; Ljungvall, I. Effect of Body Weight on Echocardiographic Measurements in 19,866 Pure-Bred Cats with or without Heart Disease. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016, 30, 1601–1611. [CrossRef]
De Lorenzo, R.A.; Morris, M.J.; Williams, J.B.; Haley, T.F.; Straight, T.M.; Holbrook-Emmons, V.L.; Medina, J.S. Does a Simple Bedside Sonographic Measurement of the Inferior Vena Cava Correlate to Central Venous Pressure? J. Emerg. Med. 2012, 42, 429–436. [CrossRef]
Nagdev, A.D.; Merchant, R.C.; Tirado-Gonzalez, A.; Sisson, C.A.; Murphy, M.C. Emergency Department Bedside Ultrasonographic Measurement of the Caval Index for Noninvasive Determination of Low Central Venous Pressure. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2010, 55, 290–295. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Nakao, S.; Come, P.C.; McKay, R.G.; Ransil, B.J. Effects of Positional Changes on Inferior Vena Caval Size and Dynamics and Correlations with Right-Sided Cardiac Pressure. Am. J. Cardiol. 1987, 59, 125–132. [CrossRef]
Panebianco, N.L.; Shofer, F.; Cheng, A.; Fischer, J.; Cody, K.; Dean, A.J. The Effect of Supine versus Upright Patient Positioning on Inferior Vena Cava Metrics. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2014, 32, 1326–1329. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Evangelista, M.C.; Benito, J.; Monteiro, B.P.; Watanabe, R.; Doodnaught, G.M.; Pang, D.S.J.; Steagall, P.V. Clinical Applicability of the Feline Grimace Scale: Real-Time versus Image Scoring and the Influence of Sedation and Surgery. PeerJ 2020, 2020, e8967. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cambournac, M.; Goy-Thollot, I.; Violé, A.; Boisvineau, C.; Pouzot-Nevoret, C.; Barthélemy, A. Sonographic Assessment of Volaemia: Development and Validation of a New Method in Dogs. J. Small Anim. Pract. 2018, 59, 174–182. [CrossRef]
Braun, U.; Krüger, S.; Hässig, M. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum and Abomasum during the First 100days of Life in Calves. Res. Vet. Sci. 2013, 95, 326–333. [CrossRef]
