coastal waves; upwelling; circulation; internal mixing; water mass formation; ventilation of coastal zone
Abstract :
[en] The interaction between physical and biological processes in the areas of continental margins governs the variability of ecosystems. The complexity of processes in these areas requires detailed studies combining modelling and surveying efforts. One promising step in this direction was undertaken in the framework of the EROS 21 project, focusing on the shelf part of the north-western Black Sea. In the present paper, we focus on the results of physical studies aiming to improve the understanding of the fundamental exchange processes in the ocean margins, as well as to quantify some of them in the Black Sea. We illustrate the capabilities of circulation models to reproduce physical processes with different time- and space-scales: coastal waves, internal waves, baroclinic Rossby and topographic waves. Another class of important phenomena in the coastal zone is associated with convection. Sources at the sea surface and in the outflow areas give rise to plume dynamics that play a crucial role in the vertical mixing and provide the mechanism for water-mass formation. Most of the results are illustrated for the shelf part of the Black Sea. The verification of simulations is performed by comparison with survey data, altimeter data from the Topex/Poseidon mission and radiotracer observations. The latter, in combination with simulations from circulation models, are used to trace the penetration of tracers into the intermediate and deep layers. We show that although most Sr-90 is introduced by river runoff, large amounts of this signal penetrate the halocline in the Bosphorus Straits area and along the southern coast. Another important fraction of the river water penetrates the intermediate layers at the shelf edge in the north-western Black Sea. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Research center :
Centre Interfacultaire de Recherches en Océanologie - MARE - GHER
Altman, E. N., Gertman, I. F. & Golubeva, Z. A. 1987 Climatological Fields of Salinity and Temperature in the Black Sea. Report. State Oceanography Institute, Sevastopol, Ukraine, 109 pp. (in Russian).
AVISO 1996 User Handbook: Merged TOPEX/POSEIDON Products. AVI-NT-02-101-CN, Edition 3.0.
Barale, V. & Murray, C. N. 1995 The surface color field of enclosed marine basins: Pigment patterns of the Black Sea. Remote Sensing Reviews 12, 61-82.
Beckers, J. M. 1991 Application of a 3D model to the western Mediterranean. J. Mar. Sys. 1, 315-332.
Beckers, J. M., Gregoire, M., Nihoul, J. C. J., Stanev, E., Staneva, J. & Lancelot, C. 2002 Modelling the Danube-influenced north-western continental shelf of the Black Sea. I: Hydrodynamical processes simulated by 3-D and box models. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 54, 453-472.
Blatov, A. S. & Ivanov, V. 1992 Hydrology and Hydrodynamics of the Black Sea Shelf Zone. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 242 pp. (in Russian).
Blatov, A. S., Bulgakov, N. P., Ivanov, V. A., Kosarev, A. N. & Tujilkin, V. S. 1984 Variability of Hydrophysical Fields in the Black Sea. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 240 pp. (in Russian).
Bryan, K. 1986 Poleward buoyancy transport in the ocean and mesoscale eddies. Journal of Physical Oceanography 16, 927-933.
Buesseler, K. O., Livingston, H. D. & Casso, S. A. 1991 Mixing between oxic and anoxic waters of the Black Sea as traced by Chernobyl cesium isotopes. Deep-Sea Research 38, S725-S745.
Bulgakov, S. V. & Korotaev, G. K. 1984 Possible mechanism of stationary circulation of the Black Sea. In Integrated Investigations of the Black Sea. Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Sevastopol, pp. 32-40 (in Russian).
Bulgakov, S. V., Korotaev, G. K. & Whitehead, J. A. 1996 The role of buoyancy fluxes in the formation of a large scale circulation and stratification of sea water. Part 1 and 2. Atmospheric and Ocean Physics 32, 548-564 (in Russian).
Cox, M. 1985 An eddy resolving numerical model of the ventilated thermocline. Journal of Physical Oceanography 15, 1312-1324.
Demirov, E. K. 1994 Numerical modelling of the Black Sea eigler-oscillations on a curvilinear boundary fitted coordinate system. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 21, 83-103.
Demyshev, S. G., Korotaev, G. K. & Kuftarkov, A. Y. 1996 Adjustment of the Black Sea geophysical fields to a new numerical model. Atmos. Ocean Phys. 32, N5.
Dobrujanskaya, M. A. 1967 Regularities in the space distribution of oxygen in the Black Sea. In Oceanographic Research in the Black Sea. Naukova Dumka Press, Kiev, pp. 154-169.
Gavarkievicz, G., Korotaev, G. K., Stanichny, S. V., Repetin, L. N. & Soloviev, D. M. 1999 Synoptic upwelling and cross-shelf transport processes along the Crimea coast of the Black Sea. Continental Shelf Research 19, 977-1005.
Gent & McWilliams 1990 Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models. Journal of Physical Oceanography 20, 150-155.
Gregoire, M. 1998 Modelisation 3D Couplee Physique-ecosysteme de la Mer Noire. Ph.D. Thesis. Liege University, 280 pp.
Griffies, S. M., Gnanadesikan, A., Pacanowski, R. C., Larichev, V. C., Dukowicz, J. K. & Smith, R. D. 1998 Isoneutral diffusion in z-coordinate ocean model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 28, 805-830.
Ivanov, L. I., Besiktepe, S. & Özsoy, E. 1997 The Black Sea cold intermediate layer. In Sensitivity to Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea (Özsoy, E. & Mikaelyan, A., eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 253-266.
Korotaev, G. K., Saenko, V. A., Koblinsky, C. J. & Knysh, V. V. 1998 Study of the Black Sea circulation using Topex-Poseiden altimetry. Earth Research from Space 3, 3-17.
Kosnyrev, V. K., Mikhailova, E. N. & Shapiro, N. B. 1996 Numerical modelling of upwelling in the northwestern Black Sea. Meteorologia i Gidroloia 12, 65-72.
Lancelot, C. & Egorov, V. 1997 EROS 21, Danube-Black Sea cruise. Cruise Report.
Lancelot, C., Staneva, J., Van Eeckhout, D., Beckers, J.-M. & Stanev, E. 2002 Modelling the Danube-influenced north-western continental shelf of the Black Sea. II: Ecosystem response to changes in nutrient delivery by the Danube River after its damming in 1972. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 54, 473-499.
Le Traon, P. Y., Nadal, F. & Ducet, N. 1998 An improved mapping method of multi-satellite altimeter data. J. Atm. Ocean. Techn. 25, 522-534.
Lewis, B. L. & Landing, W. N. 1991 Manganese and iron in the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Research 38, S773-S805.
Mikhailova, E. N. & Shapiro, N. B. 1996 Modelling the transport and transformation of river waters on the northwestern shelf and in the deep Black Sea. Marine Hydrophys. Journal 3, 30-40 (in Russian).
Nihoul, J. C. J., Deleersnijder, E. & Djenidi, S. 1989 Modelling the general circulation of shelf seas by 3D k-ε models. Earth Science Reviews 26, 163-189.
Oguz, T., La-Violette, P. & Unluata, U. 1992 Upper layer circulation of the southern Black Sea: Its variability as inferred from hydrographic and satellite observations. J. Geoph. Res. 97 (C8), 12569-12584.
Oguz, T., Malanotte-Rizzoly, P. & Aubrey, D. 1995 Wind and thermohaline circulation of the Black Sea driven by yearly mean climatological forcing. J. Geoph. Res. 100 (C4), 6846-6865.
Oguz, T., Latun, V. S., Latif, M. A., Vladimirov, V. V., Sur, H. I., Markov, A. A., Özsoy, E., Kotovshchikov, B. B., Eremeev, V. V. & Ünlüata, Ü. 1993 Circulation in the surface and intermediate layers of the Black Sea. Deep-Sea Research 40, 1597-1612.
Oguz, T., Aubrey, D., Latun, V., Demirov, E., Kolesnikov, L., Sur, H., Diaconu, V., Besiktepe, S., Duman, M., Limeburner, R. & Eremeev, V. 1994 Mesoscale circulation and thermohaline structure of the Black Sea during HydroBlack 91. Deep-Sea Research 41, 603-628.
Özsoy, E. & Ünlüata, U. 1998 The Black Sea. In The Sea Vol. 11 (Robinson, A. & Brink, K., eds). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 889-914.
Pacanowski, R. C., Dixon, K. & Rosati, A. 1991 The GFDL modular ocean model users guide, version 1.0. GFDL Ocean Group Technical Report, No. 2, 176 pp.
Rachev, N. H. & Stanev, E. V. 1997a Eddy processes in semi-enclosed seas. A case study for the Black Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography 27, 1581-1601.
Rachev, N. H. & Stanev, E. V. 1997b Eddy dynamics controlled by basin scale, coastline and topography. In Sensitivity to Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 27 (Ozsoy, E. & Mikaelyan, A., eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 341-364.
Simeonov, J., Stanev, E., Backhaus, J., Jungclaus, J. & Roussenov, V. 1997 Heat and salt intrusions in the picnocline from sinking plumes. Test case for the entrainment in the Black Sea. In Sensitivity to Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 27 (Özsoy, E. & Mikaelyan, A., eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 417-438.
Simonov, A. I. & Altman, E. N. 1991 Hydrometeorology and Hydrochemistry of the USSR Seas. Vol. IV. The Black Sea. Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, 430 pp.
Sorkina, A. I. (ed.) 1974 Reference Book on the Black Sea Climate. Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, 406 pp. (in Russian).
Stanev, E. V. 1990 On the mechanisms of the Black Sea circulation. Earth-Science Review 28, 285-319.
Stanev, E. V. & Beckers, J. M. 1999a Barotropic and baroclinic oscillations in strongly stratified ocean basins. Numerical study for the Black Sea. J. Mar. Sys. 19, 65-112.
Stanev, E. V. & Beckers, J. M. 1999b Numerical simulations of seasonal and interannual variability of the Black Sea thermohaline circulation. J. Mar. Sys. 22, 241-267.
Stanev, E. V. & Rachev, N. H. 1999 Numerical study on the planetary Rossby waves in the Black Sea. J. Mar. Sys. 21, 283-306.
Stanev, E. V. & Staneva, J. V. 2000 The impact of the baroclinic eddies and basin oscillations on the transitions between different quasi-stable states of the Black Sea circulation. J. Mar. Sys. 24, 1-2, 3-26.
Stanev, E. V., Staneva, J. V. & Roussenov, V. M. 1997 On the Black Sea water mass formation. Model sensitivity study to atmospheric forcing and parameterization of some physical processes. J. Mar. Sys. 13, 245-272.
Stanev, E. V., Staneva, J. V. & Gospodinov, I. G. 1998 Numerical tracer model of surface and intermediate water formation in the Black Sea. In Ecosystem Modelling as a Management Tool for the Black Sea Vol. 2 (Ivanov, L. & Oguz, T., eds). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 197-219.
Stanev, E. V., Trukhchev, D. I. & Roussenov, V. M. 1988 The Black Sea Circulation and Numerical Modelling of the Black Sea Currents. Sofia University Press, Sofia, 240 pp. (in Russian).
Staneva, J. V. & Stanev, E. V. 1997 Cold intermediate water mass formation in the Black Sea. Analyses on numerical model simulations. In Sensitivity to Change: Black Sea, Baltic Sea and North Sea (Özsoy, E. & Mikaelyan, A., eds). NATO Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 375-393.
Staneva, J. V. & Stanev, E. V. 1998 Oceanic response to atmospheric forcing derived from different climatic data sets. Intercomparison study for the Black Sea. Oceanol. Acta 21, 393-417.
Staneva, J. V., Stanev, E. V. & Rachev, N. H. 1995 Heat balance estimates using atmospheric analysis data. A case study for the Black Sea. J. Geoph. Res. 100, C9, 18581-18596.
Staneva, J. V., Buesseler, K. O., Stanev, E. V. & Livingston, H. D. 1999 Application of radiotracers to study Black Sea circulation: Validation of numerical simulations against observed weapon testing and Chernobyl 137Cs data. J. Geoph. Res. 104, 11099-11114.
Sur, H. I., Özsoy, E. & Ünlüata, Ü. 1994 Boundary current instabilities, upwelling, shelf mixing and eutrophication processes in the Black Sea. Progress in Oceanography 249-302.
Turgul, S., Basturk, O., Saidam, C. & Yilmaz, A. 1992 Changes in the hydrochemistry of the Black Sea inferred from water density profiles. Nature 359, 137-139.
Vlasenko, V. I., Ivanov, V. A. & Stashchuk, N. M. 1996 Generation of quasi-inertial oscillations during upwelling near the south coast of the Crimea. Okealologya 36, 43-51 (in Russian).
