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| Abstract |
The calcium carbonate (CaCO_3) scale generated in water pipes and heat exchangers causes serious problems such as pipe blockage and corrosion. This study investigates the effect of the 4-to-10 μm-long... and 350-to-700 nm centering-nucleus-wide ZnO tetrapod-like nanomaterials and polydimethylsiloxane composite (t-ZnO/PDMS) on deposition and polymorphism of CaCO_3 crystals on the stainless-steel substrate. The results showed that the t-ZnO/PDMS coating inhibited CaCO_3 depositions and represented an excellent antifouling coating. The weight-based inhibition efficiencies of CaCO_3 deposition were up to 81.3% and 63.2% at 20 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The t-ZnO/PDMS coating also exhibited good inhibition in the presence of liquid flow. The inhibition is primarily because the very fine concave-convex microstructure of the t-ZnO/PDMS coated surface lowered the surface energy of the substrates, making it difficult for CaCO_3 crystals to adhere to the surface. Also, metastable vaterite and aragonite precipitations were dominant in the t-ZnO/PDMS coated coupons at 20 °C and 60 °C, respectively, whereas the uncoated coupon exhibited calcite as the predominant polymorph in all the studied conditions. The t-ZnO/PDMS composite subject to the liquid flow made calcites distorted and framboidal vaterite aggregates, likely due to their mechanical effects. The inhibition of CaCO_3 depositions is due to achieving hydrophobicity on substrate surfaces, changing preferential polymorph formation, and tailoring the morphology of the given polymorph by the t-ZnO/PDMS composite.show more
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