Structure, functions and interguild relationships of the soil nematode assemblage in organic vegetable production

Abstract

The abundance and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were quantified during four of eight years of an intensive organic vegetable production system. Treatment variables included cover crop mixtures and compost application rates. The abundances of bacterivore and fungivore nematodes were enhanced by the annual use of winter cover crops but showed no relationship to the level of residual soil organic matter. Metabolic footprints, based on biomass and respiratory activity, were calculated for functional guilds and ecosystem services of the nematode assemblage. The enrichment footprint, representing the ecosystem service of nutrient mineralization, was related to the level of soil organic carbon. It was strongly related to the metabolic footprint of bacterivore nematodes and both were enhanced in treatments that were cover cropped annually. Cover-cropped treatments also had a slightly higher herbivore footprint, suggesting support of some taxa of plant-feeding nematodes. The structure footprint, reflecting the metabolic activity of higher trophic level nematodes, including the predators of opportunistic species, did not differ among cover crop and compost amendment treatments. However, enrichment footprints were correlated with bacterivore footprints, which represented the predominantly bacterivore resources available to predators. Abundance of predators increased as a function of the abundance of those nematode prey that can be amplified by organic inputs. The functional connectance, represented by spatial co-location, between predators and amplifiable prey was greater in treatments with a greater abundance of predators. The functional connectance between predators and herbivore prey, representing a management target, was strongly related to the functional connectance between predators and amplifiable prey. We conclude that cover crops not only affect organisms at the entry level of the web but that resources are also transferred to higher trophic links which increases top-down pressure on plant-parasitic nematodes. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.