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Título: | Towards a better understanding of fine PM sources: Online and offline datasets combination in a single PMF |
Autor: | Via, Marta CSIC ORCID; Yus-Díez, Jesús CSIC ORCID; Canonaco, Francesco; Petit, Jean-Eudes; Hopke, Philip; Reche, Cristina CSIC ORCID; Pandolfi, Marco CSIC ORCID; Ivančič, Matic; Rigler, Martin; Prevôt, André S. H.; Querol, Xavier CSIC ORCID ; Alastuey, Andrés CSIC ORCID; Minguillón, María Cruz CSIC ORCID | Palabras clave: | Submicronic particulate matter ME2 Metals Multi-time resolution Multilinear engine Organic sources PMF Positive matrix factorisation SoFi Source apportionment |
Fecha de publicación: | jul-2023 | Editor: | Elsevier | Citación: | Environment International 177: 108006 (2023) | Resumen: | Source apportionment (SA) techniques allocate the measured ambient pollutants with their potential source origin; thus, they are a powerful tool for designing air pollution mitigation strategies. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) is one of the most widely used SA approaches, and its multi-time resolution (MTR) methodology, which enables mixing different instrument data in their original time resolution, was the focus of this study. One year of co-located measurements in Barcelona, Spain, of non-refractory submicronic particulate matter (NR-PM1), black carbon (BC) and metals were obtained by a Q-ACSM (Aerodyne Research Inc.), an aethalometer (Aerosol d.o.o.) and fine offline quartz-fibre filters, respectively. These data were combined in a MTR PMF analysis preserving the high time resolution (30 min for the NR-PM1 and BC, and 24 h every 4th day for the offline samples). The MTR-PMF outcomes were assessed varying the time resolution of the high-resolution data subset and exploring the error weightings of both subsets. The time resolution assessment revealed that averaging the high-resolution data was disadvantageous in terms of model residuals and environmental interpretability. The MTR-PMF resolved eight PM1 sources: ammonium sulphate + heavy oil combustion (25%), ammonium nitrate + ammonium chloride (17%), aged secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (16%), traffic (14%), biomass burning (9%), fresh SOA (8%), cooking-like organic aerosol (5%), and industry (4%). The MTR-PMF technique identified two more sources relative to the 24 h base case data subset using the same species and four more with respect to the pseudo-conventional approach mimicking offline PMF, indicating that the combination of both high and low TR data is significantly beneficial for SA. Besides the higher number of sources, the MTR-PMF technique has enabled some sources disentanglement compared to the pseudo-conventional and base case PMF as well as the characterisation of their intra-day patterns. | Versión del editor: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108006 | URI: | http://hdl.handle.net/10261/312381 | DOI: | 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108006 | ISSN: | 01604120 |
Aparece en las colecciones: | (IDAEA) Artículos |
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1-s2.0-S0160412023002799-main.pdf | Artículo principal | 3,3 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizar/Abrir |
1-s2.0-S0160412023002799-mmc1.docx | Material suplementario | 4,6 MB | Microsoft Word XML | Visualizar/Abrir |
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