Adolescentes ensinados e fisicamente educados
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2017-02-07
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A Educação Física é parte dos programas curriculares de todos os níveis de ensino desde o 1º
ciclo ao Ensino Secundário. O presente estudo examinou medidas objectivas obtidas na disciplina de
Educação Física compreendendo atributos morfológicos, capacidades funcionais e constructos cognitivos por
nível de ensino e dentro de um mesmo ciclo por sexo e idade. A amostra compreendeu duas amostras. Uma
primeira foi obtida em 2007/2008 e incluiu 490 jovens escolares a frequentarem o Ensino Básico e o Ensino
Secundário (masculinos: n=234; femininos: n=256) tendo sido avaliados na estatura, altura sentado, massa
corporal, pregas de gordura subcutânea (tricipital, subescapular, geminal medial) e ainda nas provas da milha
e no vai-e-vém de 20 metros. Mais tarde, em 2014/2015, foram avaliados 625 participantes (masculinos:
n=299; femininos: n=326) nas mesmas medidas e ainda na orientação para a realização de objectivos
(TEOSQ) e atitudes face ao desporto (SAQ). A maturação biológica foi estimada a partir do protocolo
sugerido por Khamis & Roche (1994, 1995) tendo para o efeito sido obtidas as medidas estaturais dos
progenitores. Adoptando os valores de corte propostos pela IOTF para determinar a prevalência de sobrepeso
e obesidade, entre os jovens masculinos foram encontradas as seguintes taxas: 19.2% (2007) e 20.7% (2015).
Os respectivos valores para o sexo feminino foram 18.0% (2007) e 20.7% (2015). Estas percentagens são
ligeiramente mais baixas do que as publicadas em estudos precedentes (Padez et al. 2004) para crianças em
idades inferiores a 10 anos. Adicionalmente, a prevalência de inaptos entre os rapazes oscila dos 11.5%
(2007) aos 08.7% (2015) com base na prova da milha, com taxas de inpatidão ligeiramente mais elevadas
para as raparigas, fazendo uso do mesmo teste: 13.7% (2007) e 12.6% (2015). As prevalências
correspondentes para a prova de vai-e-vém em percursos de 20-metros foram: 36.8% (rapazes-2007), 31.4%
(rapazes-2015), 35.5% (raparigas-2007), 21.5% (raparigas-2015). O presente estudo oferece valores
quartílicos por sexo e idade relativamente à estatura matura estimada, estatura, massa corporal, estimativa de
massa gorda, prova da milha, prova de vai-e-vém em percursos de 20 metros. Recorrendo às regressões
lineares múltiplas foi possível estimar os desempenhos na discplina de Português: masculinos 2º CEB
(F=1.960, p=0.05, R=0.460, R2=0.212), masculinos 3º CEB (F=2.113, p=0.03, R=0.390, R2=0.152);
feminonos 3º CEB (F=2.003, p=0.04, R=0.363, R2=0.132). Para a Matemática só foi possível obter modelos
preditivos entre os elementos do sexo feminino do 2º CEB (F=1.895, p=0.05, R=0.435, R2=0.190); 3º CEB
(F=2.422, p=0.01, R=0.394, R2=0.155). No geral, os principais preditores foram o índice de massa corporal,
a percentagem de massa gorda, o vai-e-vém em percursos de 20 metros, a orientação para o ego, o fair-play e
compromisso (dimensões do Sports Attitudes Questionnaire). As comparações entre elementos contrastantes
no estatuto de massa corporal, para o sexo masculino, revelou efeitos signficativos para a batota (t=3.36,
p<0.01). Entre elementos do sexo feminino, as diferenças entre normoponderais e sobrepesados/obesos
foram encontradas na orientação para o ego (t=2.45, p=0.02) e na orientação para a tarefa (t=2.17, p=0.03).
Adicionalmente, as comparações entre elementos masculinos aptos e inaptos em termos cardiorrespiratórios
mostrou resultados significativos para a convenção (t=2.40, p=0.02), compromisso (t=2.22, p=0.03),
orientação para a tarefa (t=2.15, p=0.03), orientação para o ego (t=2.57, p=0.01). Por sua vez, entre os
elementos femininos, as análises correspondentes encontraram diferenças significativas na orientação para a
tarefa (t=2.95, p=0.00; t=2.76, p=0.01) e na orientação para o ego (t=2.45, p=0.02). Resumidamente, o
presente estudo evidencia a complexa interrelação entre a aptidão física, capacidades funcionais, orientações
para a realização de objectivos e atitudes face ao desporto. Foi ainda possível identificar associações, embora
modestas, entre os desempenhos académicos nas disciplinas de Português e Matemática com os resultados
decorrentes de alguns instrumentos utilizados na disciplina de Educação Física.
Physical Education is part of the national curriculum in elementary and secondary education (1st to 12th grades). This study was aimed to examine the objective measurements in children and adolescents on morphology, functional capacities and cognitive constructs by educational cycle and by sex and age within a particular educational cycle. The sample was composed of two data sets: (a) one was obtained in 2007/2008 and comprises 490 students aged 11-17 years (males: n=234; females: n=256) who were assesssed in stature, sitting height, body mass, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, medial calf), 1-mile run and 20-m shuttle run; (b) few years later (2014/2015), another database was built including 625 students (males: n=299; females: n=326) assessed adopting the same protocols plus two questionnaires (goals orientations, TEOSQ; sports attitudes, SAQ). Biolological maturation was assessed as predicted mature stature using the formula proposed by Khamis & Roche (1994, 1995) which requested parental stature. Taking into account the cutvalues suggested by IOTF the prevalence of overweight and obese males seemed quite stable accross years: 19.2% (2007) and 20.7% (2015). Respective values for females were 18.0% (2007) and 20.7% (2015). These percentages of normal-weighted participants were slightly lower than published in previous studies (Padez et al. 2004) for preteen Portuguese students. In addition, the prevalence of unfit boys ranged from 11.5% (2007) to 08.7% (2015) based on the 1-mile run protocol, with slighlty higher rates of girls classified as unfit using the same test procedures: 13.7% (2007) and 12.6% (2015). Correspondent prevalence derived from the 20-m shuttle run test showed the following unfitness rates: 36.8% (boys-2007), 31.4% (boys-2015), 35.5% (girls-2007), 21.5% (girls-2015). The current study offers sex-and age-specfic quartiles for predicted mature stature (attained %), stature, body mass, estimated percentage of fat mass, 1-mile run test, 20-m shutte run protocol. By using multiple regression analysis it was possible to predict academic performances in Portuguese among males 2nd cycle (F=1.960, p=0.05, R=0.460, R2=0.212), males 3rd cycle (F=2.113, p=0.03, R=0.390, R2=0.152), females 3rd cycle (F=2.003, p=0.04, R=0.363, R2=0.132). For mathematics, it was uniquely possible to obtain a predictive model for females 2nd cycle (F=1.895, p=0.05, R=0.435, R2=0.190); 3rd cyle (F=2.422, p=0.01, R=0.394, R2=0.155). Predictors were body mass index, estimated fat mass, 20-m shuttle run, ego orientation, fair-play, commitment. Comparisons between males contrasting in weight status showed significant differences for cheating (t=3.36, p<0.01). Among females differences were noted for ego orientations (t=2.45, p=0.02), task orientations (t=2.17, p=0.03). Additionally, comparisons between males contrasting in aerobic fitness were significant for convention (t=2.40, p=0.02), commitment (t=2.22, p=0.03), task orientations (t=2.15, p=0.03), ego orientations (t=2.57, p=0.01). Among females, correspondent analyses found significant differences between groups for task orientations (t=2.95, p=0.00; t=2.76, p=0.01), ego orientations (t=2.45, p=0.02). In summary, the present study supports the complex interrelationship between physical fitness, functional capacities and goal orientations plus sports attitudes. It was also possible to identify modest but suggestive links between objective measurements assessed in the context of Physical Education and academic performances in Portuguese and Mathematics.
Physical Education is part of the national curriculum in elementary and secondary education (1st to 12th grades). This study was aimed to examine the objective measurements in children and adolescents on morphology, functional capacities and cognitive constructs by educational cycle and by sex and age within a particular educational cycle. The sample was composed of two data sets: (a) one was obtained in 2007/2008 and comprises 490 students aged 11-17 years (males: n=234; females: n=256) who were assesssed in stature, sitting height, body mass, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, medial calf), 1-mile run and 20-m shuttle run; (b) few years later (2014/2015), another database was built including 625 students (males: n=299; females: n=326) assessed adopting the same protocols plus two questionnaires (goals orientations, TEOSQ; sports attitudes, SAQ). Biolological maturation was assessed as predicted mature stature using the formula proposed by Khamis & Roche (1994, 1995) which requested parental stature. Taking into account the cutvalues suggested by IOTF the prevalence of overweight and obese males seemed quite stable accross years: 19.2% (2007) and 20.7% (2015). Respective values for females were 18.0% (2007) and 20.7% (2015). These percentages of normal-weighted participants were slightly lower than published in previous studies (Padez et al. 2004) for preteen Portuguese students. In addition, the prevalence of unfit boys ranged from 11.5% (2007) to 08.7% (2015) based on the 1-mile run protocol, with slighlty higher rates of girls classified as unfit using the same test procedures: 13.7% (2007) and 12.6% (2015). Correspondent prevalence derived from the 20-m shuttle run test showed the following unfitness rates: 36.8% (boys-2007), 31.4% (boys-2015), 35.5% (girls-2007), 21.5% (girls-2015). The current study offers sex-and age-specfic quartiles for predicted mature stature (attained %), stature, body mass, estimated percentage of fat mass, 1-mile run test, 20-m shutte run protocol. By using multiple regression analysis it was possible to predict academic performances in Portuguese among males 2nd cycle (F=1.960, p=0.05, R=0.460, R2=0.212), males 3rd cycle (F=2.113, p=0.03, R=0.390, R2=0.152), females 3rd cycle (F=2.003, p=0.04, R=0.363, R2=0.132). For mathematics, it was uniquely possible to obtain a predictive model for females 2nd cycle (F=1.895, p=0.05, R=0.435, R2=0.190); 3rd cyle (F=2.422, p=0.01, R=0.394, R2=0.155). Predictors were body mass index, estimated fat mass, 20-m shuttle run, ego orientation, fair-play, commitment. Comparisons between males contrasting in weight status showed significant differences for cheating (t=3.36, p<0.01). Among females differences were noted for ego orientations (t=2.45, p=0.02), task orientations (t=2.17, p=0.03). Additionally, comparisons between males contrasting in aerobic fitness were significant for convention (t=2.40, p=0.02), commitment (t=2.22, p=0.03), task orientations (t=2.15, p=0.03), ego orientations (t=2.57, p=0.01). Among females, correspondent analyses found significant differences between groups for task orientations (t=2.95, p=0.00; t=2.76, p=0.01), ego orientations (t=2.45, p=0.02). In summary, the present study supports the complex interrelationship between physical fitness, functional capacities and goal orientations plus sports attitudes. It was also possible to identify modest but suggestive links between objective measurements assessed in the context of Physical Education and academic performances in Portuguese and Mathematics.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado em Ensino de Educação Física, nos Ensinos Básico e Secundário
Palavras-chave
Educação física , Avaliação , Desempenho académico , Aptidão física , Aptidão cardiorrespiratória , Prevalência de sobrepeso