Paroxysmal dyskinesia in dogs
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2017-06-06
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As desordens de movimento, embora caracterizadas por apresentações dramáticas, são raramente reconhecidas e reportadas em medicina veterinária. A etiologia das desordens de movimento involuntário ainda não foi determinada e os sistemas de classificação permanecem uma controvérsia.
Incluído nas desordens de movimento involuntário encontra-se a discinesia que é caracterizada por impedimento de movimentos voluntários. A discinesia é frequentemente considerada e denominada de paroxística uma vez que esta forma de movimento involuntário ocorre de forma descontinuada, sem repetição e num animal completamente normal. Várias formas de discinesia paroxística são reconhecidas atualmente em medicina veterinária. Podem ser primárias (hereditárias) ou secundárias e podem também ser classificadas em discinesia cinesiogénica, discinesia não cinesiogénica e discinesia induzida pelo esforço de acordo com os fatores desencadeantes, a duração, a frequência e a idade com que surgem os primeiros sinais.
O objetivo desta dissertação é o de melhor entender cada forma de discinesia paroxística reportada até à data na literatura e classificar os casos que foram apresentados ao HV-UTAD.
Três casos são incluídos e descritos nesta dissertação. Primeiro, um Bichon Frise que apresenta sinais que se relacionam com a forma não cinesiogénica de discinesia paroxística, muito semelhante a outro caso também reportado num Bichon Frise. Segundo, um Bulldogue Inglês que se manifesta com tremores da cabeça num plano vertical e horizontal e é uma das raças mais afetadas pelos tremores idiopáticos da cabeça. Finalmente, um Yorkshire Terrier, que apresenta síndrome epileptoide canina com cãimbras com sinais similares a outro Yorkshire Terrier com a mesma desordem, ambos resolvendo com alterações na dieta. Os casos reportados são, portanto, consistentes com o que está descrito na literatura até à data.
Movement disorders, although characterized by dramatic presentations, are infrequently recognized and reported in veterinary medicine. The etiology of involuntary movement disorders has not yet been determined and classification systems remain a controversy. Included in the involuntary movement disorders is dyskinesia which is characterized by impairment of voluntary movements. Dyskinesia is often considered and named as paroxysmal due to the fact that they occur discontinuously, without repetition and in a normally functioning animal. Several forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia are currently recognized in veterinary medicine. They can be primary (i.e. hereditary) or secondary and they can also be classified based on their trigger factors, duration, frequency and age of onset into paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia and paroxysmal exertion induced dyskinesia. The goal of this dissertation was to better understand each type of paroxysmal dyskinesia reported to date in the literature and attempt to properly classify cases that presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Three cases are included and described in this dissertation. First, a Bichon Frise that presented with signs that relate to the non-kinesigenic form of paroxysmal dyskinesia, very similar to another case reported in a Bichon Frise. Second, an English Bulldog that manifests with head tremors in a vertical and horizontal manner and is one of the main breeds affected with idiopathic head tremors. Finally, a Yorkshire Terrier that presents with canine epileptoid cramping syndrome, with signs similar to another Yorkshire Terrier with the same disorder both resolving with changes in diet. The cases presented are, therefore, consistent with what has been reported in the literature to date.
Movement disorders, although characterized by dramatic presentations, are infrequently recognized and reported in veterinary medicine. The etiology of involuntary movement disorders has not yet been determined and classification systems remain a controversy. Included in the involuntary movement disorders is dyskinesia which is characterized by impairment of voluntary movements. Dyskinesia is often considered and named as paroxysmal due to the fact that they occur discontinuously, without repetition and in a normally functioning animal. Several forms of paroxysmal dyskinesia are currently recognized in veterinary medicine. They can be primary (i.e. hereditary) or secondary and they can also be classified based on their trigger factors, duration, frequency and age of onset into paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia and paroxysmal exertion induced dyskinesia. The goal of this dissertation was to better understand each type of paroxysmal dyskinesia reported to date in the literature and attempt to properly classify cases that presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. Three cases are included and described in this dissertation. First, a Bichon Frise that presented with signs that relate to the non-kinesigenic form of paroxysmal dyskinesia, very similar to another case reported in a Bichon Frise. Second, an English Bulldog that manifests with head tremors in a vertical and horizontal manner and is one of the main breeds affected with idiopathic head tremors. Finally, a Yorkshire Terrier that presents with canine epileptoid cramping syndrome, with signs similar to another Yorkshire Terrier with the same disorder both resolving with changes in diet. The cases presented are, therefore, consistent with what has been reported in the literature to date.
Descrição
Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Palavras-chave
Neurologia veterinária , Transtornos dos movimentos , Discinesias , Cães , Discinesia paroxística