Effects of apigenin on gastric cancer cells

Abstract

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. As the currently available therapeutic options are invasive, new and more benign options are being explored. One of which is Apigenin (Api), a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables, such as celery, parsley, garlic, bell pepper, and chamomile tea. Api has known anti-inflammatory, -oxidant, and -proliferative properties in several diseases, and its potential as an anticancer compound has been explored. Here we systematize the available data regarding the effects of Api on GC cells, in terms of cell proliferation, apoptosis, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, and molecular targets. From the literature, it is possible to conclude that Api inhibits cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which is accompanied by the reduction of clone formation and induction of apoptosis. This occurs through the Akt/Bad/Bcl2/Bax axis that activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, resulting in the restriction of cell proliferation. Additionally, it seems that the anti-proliferative potential of Api on GC cells is particularly relevant in a more aggressive GC phenotype but can also affect normal gastric cells. This indicates that this flavonoid must be used in low-to-moderate doses to avoid side effects induced by disturbance of the normal epithelium. In H. Pylori-infected cells, the literature demonstrates that Api reduces inflammation by diminishing the levels of H. pylori colonization, preventing NF-kB activation, and diminishing the production of reactive oxygen specimens (ROS). Accordingly, GC Api seems to regulate different hallmarks of cancer, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, inflammation, and oxidative stress, demonstrating its potential as an anti-GC compound.