Quem é negro no Brasil? As ações afirmativas e o governo das diferenças
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2020-08-28
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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Esta tese, resultado de uma pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, assentada em pressupostos da antropologia e de autores pós-coloniais, traz como objeto de estudos o critério de definição do sujeito de direito negro para as políticas afirmativas em universidades públicas federais e estaduais do Brasil contemporâneo. O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar os impactos das políticas afirmativas sobre a forma como o conceito e as categorias raciais compõem o discurso racial brasileiro contemporâneo. As regulamentações recentes em torno das ações afirmativas, em especial as oriundas da Lei 12.711/2012, responsável pela institucionalização das ações afirmativas em todas as universidades e institutos tecnológicos da rede federal, e da Lei 12.990/2014, que estabelece ações afirmativas para os concursos públicos federais, possibilitam que a identidade negra possa ser, cada vez mais, pensada juridicamente em face das regulamentações que seguem essas leis. Verificou-se que a judicialização da identidade racial insere o poder judiciário brasileiro no conjunto dos principais atores na produção do sujeito negro. A consequência teórica da essencialização jurídica da identificação negra caminha num sentido inverso ao produzido academicamente no âmbito recente da antropologia e dos estudos pós-coloniais, o que nos leva à conclusão de que a estratégia militante pela essencialização da identidade negra enfraqueceu os debates políticos e democráticos, apesar de produzir a esperada segurança jurídica nas políticas de ação afirmativa. A heteroidentificação por fenótipo, como técnica de Estado para definição do sujeito de direito, burocratiza e essencializa a identidade racial. Esse movimento de essencialização ocorre concomitantemente a um avanço, no Brasil, a partir do ano de 2016, de projetos políticos mais conservadores, mas efetiva-se por meio, da produção de um consenso fundamentalmente acadêmico e jurídico.
This thesis, the result of a qualitative research, grounded on assumptions of anthropology and post-colonial authors, brings as its object of study the definition criterion of the black subject under the law for affirmative policies in federal and state public universities in contemporary Brazil. The objective of the research is to evaluate the impacts of affirmative policies on how the concept and racial categories constitute contemporary Brazilian racial discourse. The recent regulations around affirmative actions, especially those arising from Law 12.711/2012, responsible for institutionalizing affirmative actions in all universities and technological institutes in the federal grid, and Law 12.990/2014, which establishes affirmative actions for federal public services exams, make it possible for black identity to be increasingly thought on legally terms when faced with the regulations that follow these laws. It was found that the judicialization of racial identity places Brazilian ´s judiciary power in the set of main actors in the production of the black subject. The theoretical consequence of the legal essentialization of black identification goes in the opposite direction to that produced academically in the recent scope of anthropology and post-colonial studies, which leads us to the conclusion that the militant strategy for the essentialization of black identity weakened political and democratic debates, despite producing the expected legal certainty in affirmative action policies. The Heteroidentification by phenotype, used as a State technique for defining the subject under the law, bureaucratizes and essentializes racial identity. This movement of essentialization occurs concurrently with an advance, in Brazil, from the year 2016, of more conservative political projects, but it is effective through the production of a fundamentally academic and legal consensus.
This thesis, the result of a qualitative research, grounded on assumptions of anthropology and post-colonial authors, brings as its object of study the definition criterion of the black subject under the law for affirmative policies in federal and state public universities in contemporary Brazil. The objective of the research is to evaluate the impacts of affirmative policies on how the concept and racial categories constitute contemporary Brazilian racial discourse. The recent regulations around affirmative actions, especially those arising from Law 12.711/2012, responsible for institutionalizing affirmative actions in all universities and technological institutes in the federal grid, and Law 12.990/2014, which establishes affirmative actions for federal public services exams, make it possible for black identity to be increasingly thought on legally terms when faced with the regulations that follow these laws. It was found that the judicialization of racial identity places Brazilian ´s judiciary power in the set of main actors in the production of the black subject. The theoretical consequence of the legal essentialization of black identification goes in the opposite direction to that produced academically in the recent scope of anthropology and post-colonial studies, which leads us to the conclusion that the militant strategy for the essentialization of black identity weakened political and democratic debates, despite producing the expected legal certainty in affirmative action policies. The Heteroidentification by phenotype, used as a State technique for defining the subject under the law, bureaucratizes and essentializes racial identity. This movement of essentialization occurs concurrently with an advance, in Brazil, from the year 2016, of more conservative political projects, but it is effective through the production of a fundamentally academic and legal consensus.
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Raça, Identidade negra, Ação afirmativa, Fenótipo, Heteroidentificação, Race, Black identity, Affirmative action, Phenotype, Heteroidentification