Uma análise da tradução para o inglês de vocábulos recorrentes e preferenciais nas obras Novelas Nada Exemplares e O Vampiro de Curitiba, de Dalton Trevisan, à luz dos estudos da tradução baseados em corpus
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2021-03-03
Autores
Lopes, Liliane Mantovani
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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O propósito desta investigação é identificar vocábulos recorrentes e preferenciais bem como características da linguagem da tradução presentes nos pares de obras Novelas Nada Exemplares (1959) / Novels Not at All Exemplary (1972) e O Vampiro de Curitiba (1965) / The Vampire of Curitiba (1972), do escritor Dalton Trevisan e traduzidas por Gregory Rabassa. De modo específico, os objetivos que nortearam esta pesquisa foram: a) analisar o estilo do autor com relação a cinco vocábulos mais frequentes e de maior chavicidade encontrados nos textos originais; b) verificar o comportamento linguístico do tradutor com base nas opções por ele utilizadas nas traduções dos respectivos vocábulos; e c) observar traços de normalização nas duas obras traduzidas. A fim de observar o estilo de Trevisan, recorremos, inicialmente, à sua fortuna crítica (CARVALHO, 2009; GOMES, 1980; MAQUÊA, 1999; ROSALINO, 2002; SOUZA, 2009; WALDMAN, 1982). Quanto ao arcabouço teórico-metodológico do nosso trabalho, apoiamo-nos nos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000; CAMARGO, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2017; SERPA, CAMARGO, 2016), a fim de analisar a frequência e índices de chavicidade. Por sua vez, valemo-nos dos estudos sobre normalização (SCOTT, 1998; CAMARGO, 2005; LIMA, 2011; LIMA, CAMARGO, 2014) com o intuito de identificar sete características presentes nas traduções em tela, no que concerne a aspectos de: pontuação, repetição, metáforas incomuns, comprimento de sentenças, omissão, acréscimo e mudança de registro de linguagem. Para tanto, contamos com o auxílio do programa computacional WordSmith Tools, versão 7, e as ferramentas por ele disponibilizadas, as quais proporcionaram os recursos necessários para o levantamento de dados. No tocante à escrita do autor, a literatura trevisana trata de minorias excluídas que vivem à margem da sociedade, as quais são retratadas em contos curtos, de linguagem concisa e repetitiva. Quanto aos dados estatísticos alcançados, em relação ao comportamento linguístico-tradutório de Gregory Rabassa, os resultados obtidos a partir do corpus de estudo mostraram o uso da tradução literal com a frequência mais elevada para o vocábulo: mão (NNE: frequência: 46; chavicidade: 827,81; OVC: respectivamente 47; 909,30) / hand (NNA: frequência: 40; chavicidade: 88,74; TVC: respectivamente 52; 85,06). Registraram-se, de modo geral, incidências altas de tradução literal para: cabeça (NNE: 33; 755,81; OVC: 24; 531,82) / head (NNA: 33; 40,39; TVC: 41; 42,90); olhos (NNE: 31; 593,83; OVC: 19; 651,92) / eyes (NNA: 45; 106,56; TVC: 68; 46,77); e rosto (NNE: 11; 258,55; OVC: 24; 539,48) / face (NNA: 14; 9,82 ; TVC: 38; 39,03). Já a menor frequência de tradução literal ocorreu com: dedos (NNE: 12; 557,83; OVC: 11; 343,10) / fingers (NNA: 11; 16,27; TVC: 19; 46,77). No tocante aos cinco vocábulos de maior chavicidade presentes em ambos os textos originais, corroboram a evidência destacada pela fortuna crítica de um traço marcante da escrita do autor: a repetição. Também em ambos os textos traduzidos, todos os índices de chavicidade apresentaram valores positivos para os cinco vocábulos em inglês. Por seu turno, os dados observados com base em Scott (1998) indicaram que Rabassa também se valeu de diversos recursos no que diz respeito à normalização na tradução de expressões contendo esses cinco vocábulos, como por exemplo em casos de omissão (“a penugem dourada arrepiando-se aos seus beijos soprados na brisa fagueira” / the golden down quivering in the light breeze); metáforas incomuns (“gastei os dedos” / I wore my fingers to the bone); comprimento maior de sentenças (“ele apanhou do bolso da calça a maior nota” / he got up and took the largest bill he had from his pants pocket), entre outros. Desse modo, o apoio teórico disponibilizado pelos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus e pela Linguística de Corpus permitiram a identificação de tendências de Rabassa pela tradução literal no nível dos vocábulos bem como pela normalização no nível de expressões presentes nos dois pares de obras analisadas.
This investigation aims at identifying recurring and preferential words as well as characteristics of translation language found in the pairs of books Novelas Nada Exemplares (1959) / Novels Not At All Exemplary (1972) and O Vampiro de Curitiba (1965) / The Vampire of Curitiba (1972), written by Dalton Trevisan and translated by Gregory Rabassa. Specifically, the objectives that guided this study were: a) to analyse the author’s style in relation to five words which presented higher frequency and keyness found in the original texts; b) verify the translator’s linguistic behavior based on his translational options used in the translation of the respective words; and c) observe normalisation traces in the two translated works. In order to observe Trevisan’s style, initially, we used, his critical heritage (1981; CARVALHO, 2009; GOMES, 1980; MAQUÊA, 1999; ROSALINO, 2002; SOUZA, 2009; WALDMAN, 1982). Regarding the theoretical methodological source of our research, we based on Corpus Based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000; CAMARGO, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2017; SERPA, CAMARGO, 2016) with the purpose of analysing the frequency and keyness results. Also, we used the studies on normalisation (SCOTT, 1998; CAMARGO, 2005; LIMA, 2011; LIMA, CAMARGO, 2014) in order to identify seven characteristics presented in the translations, considering the aspects of: punctuation, repetition, uncommon metaphors, sentence length, omission, addition and language register change. For this purpose, we used the support of the computational program WordSmith Tools, version 7, and its available tools, which provided the necessary resources to data collection. Regarding the author’s writing, Trevisan’s literature deals with excluded minorities who are marginalized in society, and they are represented in short stories, with a concise and repetitive language. Regarding the statistical data, in relation to Gregory Rabassa’s linguistic-translational behavior, the study corpus results showed the use of literal translation with higher frequency in the word: mão (NNE: frequency: 46; keyness: 827,81; OVC: respectively 47; 909,30) / hand (NNA: frequency: 40; keyness: 88,74; TVC: respectively 52; 85,06). High incidences of literal translation were also registered in: cabeça (NNE: 33; 755,81,81; OVC: 24; 531,82) / head (NNA: 33; 40,39; TVC: 41; 42,90); olhos (NNE: 31; 593,83; OVC: 19; 651,92) / eyes (NNA: 45; 106,56; TVC: 68; 46,77); and rosto (NNE: 11; 258,55; OVC: 24; 539,48) / face (NNA: 14; 9,82 ; TVC: 38; 39,03). The lower frequency of literal translation occurred with: dedos (NNE: 12; 557,83; OVC: 11; 343,10) / fingers (NNA: 11; 16,27; TVC: 19; 46,77). In relation to the five higher keyness words presented in both source texts, they are consistent with the evidence of repetition, as highlighted by the author’s critical heritage. In addition, the five corresponding higher keyness translated words also showed positive values in the target texts. Moreover, data observed according to Scott (1998) revealed that Rabassa also used several strategies in relation to normalisation when translating expressions, for example, in cases of omission (“a penugem dourada arrepiando-se aos seus beijos soprados na brisa fagueira” / the golden down quivering in the light breeze); uncommon metaphors (“gastei os dedos” / I wore my fingers to the bone); changes in the sentence lenght (“ele apanhou do bolso da calça a maior nota” / he got up and took the largest bill he had from his pants pocket), among others. Considering the theoretical proposal and procedures of Corpus Based Translation Studies and Corpus Linguistics, the approach may reveal the potential for perceiving Rabassa’s translational options, preferences or tendencies to literal translation at the level of words as well as to normalisation at the level of expressions presented in the two pairs of books selected for analysis.
This investigation aims at identifying recurring and preferential words as well as characteristics of translation language found in the pairs of books Novelas Nada Exemplares (1959) / Novels Not At All Exemplary (1972) and O Vampiro de Curitiba (1965) / The Vampire of Curitiba (1972), written by Dalton Trevisan and translated by Gregory Rabassa. Specifically, the objectives that guided this study were: a) to analyse the author’s style in relation to five words which presented higher frequency and keyness found in the original texts; b) verify the translator’s linguistic behavior based on his translational options used in the translation of the respective words; and c) observe normalisation traces in the two translated works. In order to observe Trevisan’s style, initially, we used, his critical heritage (1981; CARVALHO, 2009; GOMES, 1980; MAQUÊA, 1999; ROSALINO, 2002; SOUZA, 2009; WALDMAN, 1982). Regarding the theoretical methodological source of our research, we based on Corpus Based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000; CAMARGO, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2017; SERPA, CAMARGO, 2016) with the purpose of analysing the frequency and keyness results. Also, we used the studies on normalisation (SCOTT, 1998; CAMARGO, 2005; LIMA, 2011; LIMA, CAMARGO, 2014) in order to identify seven characteristics presented in the translations, considering the aspects of: punctuation, repetition, uncommon metaphors, sentence length, omission, addition and language register change. For this purpose, we used the support of the computational program WordSmith Tools, version 7, and its available tools, which provided the necessary resources to data collection. Regarding the author’s writing, Trevisan’s literature deals with excluded minorities who are marginalized in society, and they are represented in short stories, with a concise and repetitive language. Regarding the statistical data, in relation to Gregory Rabassa’s linguistic-translational behavior, the study corpus results showed the use of literal translation with higher frequency in the word: mão (NNE: frequency: 46; keyness: 827,81; OVC: respectively 47; 909,30) / hand (NNA: frequency: 40; keyness: 88,74; TVC: respectively 52; 85,06). High incidences of literal translation were also registered in: cabeça (NNE: 33; 755,81,81; OVC: 24; 531,82) / head (NNA: 33; 40,39; TVC: 41; 42,90); olhos (NNE: 31; 593,83; OVC: 19; 651,92) / eyes (NNA: 45; 106,56; TVC: 68; 46,77); and rosto (NNE: 11; 258,55; OVC: 24; 539,48) / face (NNA: 14; 9,82 ; TVC: 38; 39,03). The lower frequency of literal translation occurred with: dedos (NNE: 12; 557,83; OVC: 11; 343,10) / fingers (NNA: 11; 16,27; TVC: 19; 46,77). In relation to the five higher keyness words presented in both source texts, they are consistent with the evidence of repetition, as highlighted by the author’s critical heritage. In addition, the five corresponding higher keyness translated words also showed positive values in the target texts. Moreover, data observed according to Scott (1998) revealed that Rabassa also used several strategies in relation to normalisation when translating expressions, for example, in cases of omission (“a penugem dourada arrepiando-se aos seus beijos soprados na brisa fagueira” / the golden down quivering in the light breeze); uncommon metaphors (“gastei os dedos” / I wore my fingers to the bone); changes in the sentence lenght (“ele apanhou do bolso da calça a maior nota” / he got up and took the largest bill he had from his pants pocket), among others. Considering the theoretical proposal and procedures of Corpus Based Translation Studies and Corpus Linguistics, the approach may reveal the potential for perceiving Rabassa’s translational options, preferences or tendencies to literal translation at the level of words as well as to normalisation at the level of expressions presented in the two pairs of books selected for analysis.
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Palavras-chave
Estudos da tradução baseados em corpus, Linguística de corpus, Normalização, Dalton Trevisan, Gregory Rabassa, Corpus based translation studies, Corpus linguistics, Normalisation