Da doença à maldade: a significação da psicopatia e sua determinação social
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2021-05-27
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
A psicopatia é um fenômeno estudado por várias áreas do saber, comumente associada à uma psicopatologia caracterizada pela falta de empatia, manipulação, agressividade, impulsividade, egocentrismo, crueldade e criminalidade. No entanto, tal conceito, apesar de aparentemente neutro, tem como função a identificação e exclusão de sujeitos pertencentes às classes mais baixas com base em preceitos morais; se configurando enquanto uma ferramenta de controle, normatização e reprodução do modo de produção capitalista. Tal repressão ocorre predominantemente por meio da ação jurídica do Estado; em que cabe ao juiz sentenciante a decisão do cumprimento de pena em penitenciarias comuns ou à internação em Hospitais de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico via medida de segurança. Assim, quando não submetidos às penitenciárias, os psicopatas costumam cumprir medida de segurança em Hospitais de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico em cunho de perpetuidade. Essa decisão, realizada pelo juiz, pode se apoiar em laudos realizados por psiquiatras e/ou psicólogos forenses que diagnostiquem o sujeito e comprovem sua periculosidade, imputabilidade e/ou semi-imputabilidade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral compreender as significações sobre a psicopatia contidas no relato de psiquiatras e psicólogos envolvidos na elaboração de laudos periciais criminais no município de São Paulo (SP). O respectivo estudo se configura enquanto uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter explicativo, fundamentada nos preceitos da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e utilizando-se como procedimento a pesquisa de campo pautada em entrevistas semiestruturadas. A execução de tais entrevistas se fundamentou em seis eixos temáticos, tendo sido realizadas com nove profissionais da área da saúde mental. No que se refere ao tratamento e análise de dados, o pesquisador adotou como procedimento metodológico a identificação e análise dos núcleos de significação, o qual se apoia na palavra com significado como material de análise. A fundamentação na Psicologia Histórico-Cultural garante um destaque ao estudo por se configurar enquanto um referencial teórico-metodológico ainda pouco utilizado para a compreensão de tal fenômeno. Como resultado, foram levantados seis núcleos de significação, referentes à: 1) sua definição conceitual como uma categoria nosológica específica; 2) a qualificação de seu quadro clínico em razão de suas características sintomatológicas; 3) o destaque de sua periculosidade; 4) sua origem etiológica biomédica; 5) a necessidade de seu recolhimento legal, em nome da preservação da segurança pública; 6) as contradições referentes às padronizações e inconsistências em sua descrição sintomática e fontes teóricas. Intervinculados entre si, o produto dialético da análise de tais núcleos revela a raiz ideológica da psicopatia, sendo significada como uma condição simultaneamente improdutiva e adaptada à sociedade capitalista. Desta forma, o conceito contemporâneo de psicopatia se revela como um instrumento de dominação, utilizado de forma a validar a seletividade repressiva do aparelho jurídico-penal burguês.
Psychopathy is a phenomenon studied by several areas of knowledge, commonly associated with a psychopathology characterized by lack of empathy, manipulation, aggressiveness, impulsivity, egocentricity, cruelty and criminality. However, this concept, although apparently neutral, has the function of identifying and excluding subjects belonging to the lower classes based on moral precepts; configuring itself as a tool to control, standardization and reproduction of the capitalist mode of production. Such repression occurs predominantly through the legal action of the State; in which it is up to the sentencing judge to decide whether to serve sentences in common prisons or to stay in Hospitals of Custody and Psychiatric Treatment through a security measure. Thus, when not submitted to penitentiaries, psychopaths usually comply with security measures in Hospitals of Custody and Psychiatric Treatment in perpetuity. This decision, carried out by the judge, may be based on expert reports made by psychiatrists and/or psychologists who diagnose the subject and/or prove their dangerousness, imputability and/or semi-imputability. The present study has as general objective to understand the significations about psychopathy contained in the report of professionals involved in the elaboration of medical-psychiatric and psychological expert reports of the criminal area in the city of São Paulo. The respective study is configured as a qualitative research of an explanatory character, based on the precepts of Cultural-Historical Psychology and using as a procedure the field research based on semi-structured interviews. The execution of such interviews was based on six thematic axes, having been carried out with nine mental health professionals. With regard to the treatment and analysis of data, the researcher adopted the identification and analysis of the Nuclei of Signification as the methodological procedure, which relies on the word with meaning as a material for analysis. The foundation in Historical-Cultural Psychology guarantees a prominence to the study by it's configuration as a theoretical-methodological reference still little used for the understanding of such phenomenon. As a result, six nuclei of signification were raised, referring to: 1) its conceptual definition as a specific nosological category; 2) the qualification of your clinical condition due to its symptomatological characteristics; 3) the highlight of its dangerousness; 4) its biomedical etiological origin; 5) the need for its legal withdrawal, in the name of preserving public security; 6) the contradictions regarding the standardizations and inconsistencies in their symptomatic description and theoretical sources. Interconnected with each other, the dialectic product of the analysis of such nuclei reveals the ideological root of psychopathy, being signified as a condition that is both unproductive and adapted to capitalist society. In this way, the contemporary concept of psychopathy is revealed as an instrument of domination, used in a way to validate the repressive selectivity of the bourgeois legal-penal apparatus.
Psychopathy is a phenomenon studied by several areas of knowledge, commonly associated with a psychopathology characterized by lack of empathy, manipulation, aggressiveness, impulsivity, egocentricity, cruelty and criminality. However, this concept, although apparently neutral, has the function of identifying and excluding subjects belonging to the lower classes based on moral precepts; configuring itself as a tool to control, standardization and reproduction of the capitalist mode of production. Such repression occurs predominantly through the legal action of the State; in which it is up to the sentencing judge to decide whether to serve sentences in common prisons or to stay in Hospitals of Custody and Psychiatric Treatment through a security measure. Thus, when not submitted to penitentiaries, psychopaths usually comply with security measures in Hospitals of Custody and Psychiatric Treatment in perpetuity. This decision, carried out by the judge, may be based on expert reports made by psychiatrists and/or psychologists who diagnose the subject and/or prove their dangerousness, imputability and/or semi-imputability. The present study has as general objective to understand the significations about psychopathy contained in the report of professionals involved in the elaboration of medical-psychiatric and psychological expert reports of the criminal area in the city of São Paulo. The respective study is configured as a qualitative research of an explanatory character, based on the precepts of Cultural-Historical Psychology and using as a procedure the field research based on semi-structured interviews. The execution of such interviews was based on six thematic axes, having been carried out with nine mental health professionals. With regard to the treatment and analysis of data, the researcher adopted the identification and analysis of the Nuclei of Signification as the methodological procedure, which relies on the word with meaning as a material for analysis. The foundation in Historical-Cultural Psychology guarantees a prominence to the study by it's configuration as a theoretical-methodological reference still little used for the understanding of such phenomenon. As a result, six nuclei of signification were raised, referring to: 1) its conceptual definition as a specific nosological category; 2) the qualification of your clinical condition due to its symptomatological characteristics; 3) the highlight of its dangerousness; 4) its biomedical etiological origin; 5) the need for its legal withdrawal, in the name of preserving public security; 6) the contradictions regarding the standardizations and inconsistencies in their symptomatic description and theoretical sources. Interconnected with each other, the dialectic product of the analysis of such nuclei reveals the ideological root of psychopathy, being signified as a condition that is both unproductive and adapted to capitalist society. In this way, the contemporary concept of psychopathy is revealed as an instrument of domination, used in a way to validate the repressive selectivity of the bourgeois legal-penal apparatus.
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Personalidade psicopática, Prova pericial, Psicologia histórico-cultural, Psicopatologia, Marxismo, Saúde mental, Psychopathic personality, Cultural-historical psychology, Psychopathology, Mental health, Marxism, Expert testimony