Regras competitivas das categorias de base das potências mundiais de Judô: relações com a preparação desportiva de longo prazo e implicações para o Judô brasileiro
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2022-11-25
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Variáveis como o estilo, a técnica, a tática e o tempo de luta são determinantes na preparação do judoca e são construídas ao longo do tempo de treinamento. Assim, a Preparação Desportiva de Longo Prazo é importante ao possibilitar o planejamento do treinamento nas diversas fases da carreira de um atleta. Sobre resultados competitivos, nenhum país tem mais sucesso no judô do que o Japão. Além dos fatores culturais e socioeconômicos, o sucesso do judô japonês está relacionado ao trabalho de base, a estrutura e a possibilidade dos atletas se desenvolverem em condições para alcançarem a elite esportiva. Portanto, é evidente que a organização e a metodologia de treinamento do judô japonês, desde as categorias de base, sejam interesses de estudo. Nesse sentido, diante da tradição e hegemonia do judô japonês, a Confederação Brasileira de Judô (CBJ) selecionou treinadores para um estágio, organizado pelo governo japonês, na Universidade de Tsukuba e na Kodokan, entre 15 de setembro e 14 de outubro de 2019, o qual contou com dez treinadores de judô, um deles o autor dessa tese. Considerando o intercâmbio no Japão, o presente autor verificou uma convergência entre a metodologia de treinamento japonesa e o processo competitivo, em que as regras de competições são específicas até os 15 anos de idade. Essas particularidades coadunam com as perspectivas da Preparação Desportiva de Longo Prazo incentivando o desenvolvimento físico e técnico-tático dos atletas de maneira contínua e gradativa, evitando a Especialização Esportiva Precoce. Essas regras também demonstram preocupação com o aumento da segurança dos jovens judocas. Também desconhecemos se outras potências do judô possuem regras específicas para suas categorias de base. Diante do exposto, o objetivo dessa tese é analisar as características de organização e metodologia de treinamento de longo prazo e competição do judô japonês, o sistema competitivo de regras de competição das categorias de base das principais potências mundiais no judô e conhecer a percepção dos treinadores brasileiros sobre as regras praticadas nas categorias de base do judô brasileiro, com relação a segurança, Especialização Esportiva Precoce e Preparação Desportiva de Longo Prazo. Para responder aos objetivos propostos utilizou-se metodologias de pesquisa exploratórias e descritivas, como um estudo de caso, através de um relato de experiência do judô japonês, a análise documental das regras de competição categorias Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 e Sub-15 das principais potências mundiais do judô e um Survey com treinadores de judô brasileiros, quanto as regras das categorias de base. Nossos resultados revelaram que a metodologia aplicada no processo de preparação do judô japonês coaduna com as propostas de Preparação Desportiva de Longo Prazo. Sua metodologia pode ser dividida em: Iniciação Esportiva, a qual preconiza a aquisição de um amplo leque motor; Especialização Inicial, em progressão para uma grande variedade de habilidades específicas do judô; Especialização Profunda, período de grande aprofundamento técnico e tático e melhora das capacidades motoras condicionais necessárias para o desempenho; Direcionamento para o Alto Rendimento, com foco nos resultados competitivos. Esta metodologia é baseada no princípio de ensino-aprendizagem / treinamento presente na cultura do Budô japonês denominado de Shuhari: “Shu”: observar; “Ha”: romper; “Ri”: transcender. Também identificamos que além do Japão, França e Rússia, as principais potências do judô mundial possuem regulamentos específicos para suas categorias de base: Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 e Sub-15 - por meio de regulamentos específicos das regras de competição ou condutas pedagógicas exclusivas paras os campeonatos dessas faixas etárias. A proibição das ações técnicas aplicadas de joelhos, de Makikomi, de Sutemi Waza e a restrição de alguns contra ataques, são comuns, entre as três potências, até a classe Sub 13. Por outro lado, o Brasil, quinta maior potência mundial do judô, não possui nenhum tipo específico de regulamentação ou orientação pedagógica específica para a competição dessas categorias de base, exceção feita a dois Estados: RJ e RS, que possuem poucas regras especiais até a classe Sub-11. Contudo, após a aplicação de um questionário, para 166 treinadores de diversas regiões do Brasil, construído e validado para mensurar a percepção de treinadores de judô quanto as regras de competição das categorias Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 e Sub-15, considerando as perspectivas de segurança, Especialização Esportiva Precoce e Preparação Desportiva de Longo Prazo podemos afirmar que 63,2% dos treinadores brasileiros são favoráveis a alterações nas regras das categorias de base, 71,1% consideram que as regras influenciam a Especialização Esportiva Precoce, 51,8% consideram que as regras não contribuem com a Preparação Desportiva de Longo Prazo e 44,5% consideram as regras dessas categorias inseguras. Nesse sentido, levando em conta a literatura em ciências do esporte, as regulamentações específicas para as categorias de base das principais potências mundiais do judô e os exemplos de outros esportes finalizamos a tese com uma proposta de regulamentação específica para as classes Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 e Sub-15 do judô brasileiro com o intuito de promover uma aplicação prática desse Estudo.
Style, technique, tactics and fighting time are decisive in the judoka's preparation and are built up over the training time. Thus, Long-Term Athlete Development is important in enabling the planning of training in the different phases of an athlete's career. On competitive results, no country is more successful in judo than Japan. In addition to cultural and socioeconomic factors, the success of Japanese judo is related to the base work, the structure and the possibility of athletes to develop in conditions to reach the sporting elite. Therefore, it is evident that the organization and methodology of Japanese judo training, from the base categories, are interests of study. In this sense, given the tradition and hegemony of Japanese judo, the Brazilian Judo Confederation (CBJ) selected coaches for an internship, organized by the Japanese government, at the University of Tsukuba and Kodokan, between September 15 and October 14, 2019, which had ten judo coaches, one of them the author of this thesis. Considering the exchange in Japan, the present author verified a convergence between the Japanese training methodology and the competitive process, in which the competition rules are adapted up to 15 years of age. These adaptations are in line with the perspectives of Long-Term Athlete Development, encouraging the physical and technical-tactical development of athletes in a continuous and gradual way, avoiding Early Sports Specialization. These rules also show concern for increasing the safety of young judokas. We also do not know whether other judo powers have specific rules for their basic categories. In view of the above, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the characteristics of organization and methodology of long-term training and competition of Japanese judo, the competitive system of competition rules of the basic categories of the main world powers in judo and to know the perception of the coaches Brazilians about the rules practiced in the basic categories of Brazilian judo, regarding safety, Early Sports Specialization and Long-Term Athlete Development. In order to respond to the proposed objectives, exploratory and descriptive research methodologies were used, as a case study, through an experience report of Japanese judo, the documentary analysis of the rules of competition categories Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 and Sub-15 from the main world powers of judo and a Survey with Brazilian judo coaches, regarding the rules of the basic categories. Our results revealed that the methodology applied in the Japanese judo preparation process is in line with the proposals of Long-Term Athlete Development. Its methodology can be divided into: Sports Initiation, which advocates the acquisition of a wide range of motors; Initial Specialization, in progression to a wide variety of judo-specific skills; Specialization, period of great technical and tactical depth and improvement of conditional motor skills necessary for performance; Direction for High Performance, with a focus on competitive results. This methodology is based on the teaching-learning/training principle present in the Japanese Budo culture called Shuhari: “Shu”: to observe; “Ha”: break; “Ri”: transcend. We also identified that in addition to Japan, France and Russia, the main judo powers in the world have specific regulations for their basic categories: Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 and Sub-15 - through adaptations of the competition rules or pedagogical conducts exclusive to the championships of these age groups. The ban on technical actions applied on the knees, by Makikomi, by Sutemi Waza and the restriction of some counter attacks, are common, among the three powers, up to the Under 13 class. Still, Brazil, the fifth largest judo power in the world, does not have any specific type of regulation or specific pedagogical guidance for the competition of these basic categories, except for two states: RJ and RS, which have few adaptations up to the Under-11 class. However, after the application of a questionnaire to 166 coaches from different regions of Brazil, built and validated to measure the perception of judo coaches regarding the competition rules of the Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 and Sub-13 categories. 15, considering the perspectives of safety, Early Sports Specialization and Long-Term Sports Preparation, we can say that 63.2% of Brazilian coaches are in favor of changes in the rules of the basic categories, 71.1% consider that the rules influence Sports Specialization Early, 51.8% consider that the rules do not contribute to the Long-Term Sports Preparation and 44, 5% consider the rules of these categories to be unsafe. Thus, taking into account the literature in sports science, the specific regulations for the basic categories of the main world powers of judo and the examples of other sports, we finish the thesis with a proposal of specific regulation for the Sub-9, Sub -11, Sub-13 and Sub-15 of Brazilian judo in order to promote a practical application of this Study.
Style, technique, tactics and fighting time are decisive in the judoka's preparation and are built up over the training time. Thus, Long-Term Athlete Development is important in enabling the planning of training in the different phases of an athlete's career. On competitive results, no country is more successful in judo than Japan. In addition to cultural and socioeconomic factors, the success of Japanese judo is related to the base work, the structure and the possibility of athletes to develop in conditions to reach the sporting elite. Therefore, it is evident that the organization and methodology of Japanese judo training, from the base categories, are interests of study. In this sense, given the tradition and hegemony of Japanese judo, the Brazilian Judo Confederation (CBJ) selected coaches for an internship, organized by the Japanese government, at the University of Tsukuba and Kodokan, between September 15 and October 14, 2019, which had ten judo coaches, one of them the author of this thesis. Considering the exchange in Japan, the present author verified a convergence between the Japanese training methodology and the competitive process, in which the competition rules are adapted up to 15 years of age. These adaptations are in line with the perspectives of Long-Term Athlete Development, encouraging the physical and technical-tactical development of athletes in a continuous and gradual way, avoiding Early Sports Specialization. These rules also show concern for increasing the safety of young judokas. We also do not know whether other judo powers have specific rules for their basic categories. In view of the above, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the characteristics of organization and methodology of long-term training and competition of Japanese judo, the competitive system of competition rules of the basic categories of the main world powers in judo and to know the perception of the coaches Brazilians about the rules practiced in the basic categories of Brazilian judo, regarding safety, Early Sports Specialization and Long-Term Athlete Development. In order to respond to the proposed objectives, exploratory and descriptive research methodologies were used, as a case study, through an experience report of Japanese judo, the documentary analysis of the rules of competition categories Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 and Sub-15 from the main world powers of judo and a Survey with Brazilian judo coaches, regarding the rules of the basic categories. Our results revealed that the methodology applied in the Japanese judo preparation process is in line with the proposals of Long-Term Athlete Development. Its methodology can be divided into: Sports Initiation, which advocates the acquisition of a wide range of motors; Initial Specialization, in progression to a wide variety of judo-specific skills; Specialization, period of great technical and tactical depth and improvement of conditional motor skills necessary for performance; Direction for High Performance, with a focus on competitive results. This methodology is based on the teaching-learning/training principle present in the Japanese Budo culture called Shuhari: “Shu”: to observe; “Ha”: break; “Ri”: transcend. We also identified that in addition to Japan, France and Russia, the main judo powers in the world have specific regulations for their basic categories: Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 and Sub-15 - through adaptations of the competition rules or pedagogical conducts exclusive to the championships of these age groups. The ban on technical actions applied on the knees, by Makikomi, by Sutemi Waza and the restriction of some counter attacks, are common, among the three powers, up to the Under 13 class. Still, Brazil, the fifth largest judo power in the world, does not have any specific type of regulation or specific pedagogical guidance for the competition of these basic categories, except for two states: RJ and RS, which have few adaptations up to the Under-11 class. However, after the application of a questionnaire to 166 coaches from different regions of Brazil, built and validated to measure the perception of judo coaches regarding the competition rules of the Sub-9, Sub-11, Sub-13 and Sub-13 categories. 15, considering the perspectives of safety, Early Sports Specialization and Long-Term Sports Preparation, we can say that 63.2% of Brazilian coaches are in favor of changes in the rules of the basic categories, 71.1% consider that the rules influence Sports Specialization Early, 51.8% consider that the rules do not contribute to the Long-Term Sports Preparation and 44, 5% consider the rules of these categories to be unsafe. Thus, taking into account the literature in sports science, the specific regulations for the basic categories of the main world powers of judo and the examples of other sports, we finish the thesis with a proposal of specific regulation for the Sub-9, Sub -11, Sub-13 and Sub-15 of Brazilian judo in order to promote a practical application of this Study.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Jovens Judocas, Regulamentação, Preparação Desportiva de Longo Prazo, Especialização Esportiva Precoce, Youth Judokas, Regulation, Long-Term Athlete Development, Early Sports Specialization