Uberização: emancipação do trabalhador ou nova forma de exploração do trabalho?
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Data
2022-12-14
Autores
Martins, Wagner
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Resumo
Esta pesquisa analisa o fenômeno da uberização de forma qualitativa, com o intuito de contribuir no debate, tanto do ponto de vista social como o jurídico, se referido fenômeno é uma atividade típica a serviço do capital, em contraposição ao entendimento de ser um trabalho emancipador, conquistado pelo prestador de serviço através de sua força empreendedora. A metodologia principal é calcada na adoção de procedimentos de análise bibliográfica e documental, compreendendo a revisão da literatura e da jurisprudência brasileira. A discussão é precedida de uma contextualização histórica, sob o marco teórico de Karl Marx, para identificação das bases fáticos-temporais que possibilitaram o surgimento do fenômeno estudado. A partir da elucidação dos fundamentos determinantes para a formação do modelo de trabalho sob a forma da uberização, identificou-se os componentes sociais e jurídicos presentes no fenômeno, a fim de investigar a dissonância fática entre o discurso proposto pelas grandes empresas detentoras do algoritmo e a realidade do trabalhador. Para o enriquecimento da discussão teórica traz-se o posicionamento de duas decisões prolatadas nas Cortes Nacionais, as quais apresentam posições antagônicas frente ao referido fenômeno. Quanto aos elementos contidos na relação jurídica-social da uberização no que tange ao entendimento jurisprudencial trazido ao debate, é dado um tratamento teórico através da metodologia escolhida, com um corte temporal dos últimos três anos, com o fim de estabelecer as dissonâncias materiais, bem como as simetrias que porventura possam existir entre essa relação e o discurso apresentado pelas empresas detentoras do algoritmo. Comprovada a hipótese que a uberização é somente uma faceta da exploração do capital sobre o trabalho, propõe-se meios de proteção social ao prestador de serviço explorado.
This research analyzes the phenomenon of uberization in a qualitative way, with the aim of contributing to the debate, both from a social and legal point of view, whether this phenomenon is a typical activity at the service of capital, as opposed to the understanding of being an emancipatory work, conquered by the service provider through its entrepreneurial strength. The main methodology is based on the adoption of bibliographic and documental analysis procedures, comprising the review of literature and Brazilian jurisprudence. The discussion is preceded by a historical contextualization, under the theoretical framework of Karl Marx, to identify the factual and temporal bases that made possible the emergence of the phenomenon studied. From the elucidation of the fundamentals for the formation of the work model in the form of uberization, the social and legal components present in the phenomenon are identified, to investigate the factual dissonance between the discourse proposed by the large companies that own the algorithm and the reality of the worker. For the enrichment of the theoretical discussion, it brings the positioning of two decisions handed down in the National Courts, which present antagonistic positions in the face of the referred phenomenon. As for the elements contained in the legal-social relationship of uberization regarding the jurisprudential understanding brought to the debate, a theoretical treatment is given through the chosen methodology, with a temporal cut of the last three years, in order to establish the material dissonances, as well the symmetries that may exist between this relationship and the discourse presented by the companies that own the algorithm. Once the hypothesis that uberization is only one facet of the exploitation of capital over labor is proven, we propose means of social protection for the exploited service provider.
This research analyzes the phenomenon of uberization in a qualitative way, with the aim of contributing to the debate, both from a social and legal point of view, whether this phenomenon is a typical activity at the service of capital, as opposed to the understanding of being an emancipatory work, conquered by the service provider through its entrepreneurial strength. The main methodology is based on the adoption of bibliographic and documental analysis procedures, comprising the review of literature and Brazilian jurisprudence. The discussion is preceded by a historical contextualization, under the theoretical framework of Karl Marx, to identify the factual and temporal bases that made possible the emergence of the phenomenon studied. From the elucidation of the fundamentals for the formation of the work model in the form of uberization, the social and legal components present in the phenomenon are identified, to investigate the factual dissonance between the discourse proposed by the large companies that own the algorithm and the reality of the worker. For the enrichment of the theoretical discussion, it brings the positioning of two decisions handed down in the National Courts, which present antagonistic positions in the face of the referred phenomenon. As for the elements contained in the legal-social relationship of uberization regarding the jurisprudential understanding brought to the debate, a theoretical treatment is given through the chosen methodology, with a temporal cut of the last three years, in order to establish the material dissonances, as well the symmetries that may exist between this relationship and the discourse presented by the companies that own the algorithm. Once the hypothesis that uberization is only one facet of the exploitation of capital over labor is proven, we propose means of social protection for the exploited service provider.
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Palavras-chave
Uberização, Empreendedorismo, Flexibilização, Exploração do trabalho, Precarização, Políticas Públicas, Uberization, Entrepreneurship, Flexibilization, Exploration of work, Precariousness, Public policy