2-Methylhopanoids are maximally produced in akinetes of Nostoc punctiforme: geobiological implications
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Doughty, David M.; Hunter, Ryan C.; Summons, Roger Everett; Newman, Dianne K.![Thumbnail](/bitstream/handle/1721.1/74192/Summons_2-methylhopanoids.pdf.jpg?sequence=4&isAllowed=y)
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2-Methylhopanes, molecular fossils of 2-methylbacteriohopanepolyol (2-MeBHP) lipids, have been proposed as biomarkers for cyanobacteria, and by extension, oxygenic photosynthesis. However, the robustness of this interpretation is unclear, as 2-methylhopanoids occur in organisms besides cyanobacteria and their physiological functions are unknown. As a first step toward understanding the role of 2-MeBHP in cyanobacteria, we examined the expression and intercellular localization of hopanoids in the three cell types of Nostoc punctiforme: vegetative cells, akinetes, and heterocysts. Cultures in which N. punctiforme had differentiated into akinetes contained approximately 10-fold higher concentrations of 2-methylhopanoids than did cultures that contained only vegetative cells. In contrast, 2-methylhopanoids were only present at very low concentrations in heterocysts. Hopanoid production initially increased threefold in cells starved of nitrogen but returned to levels consistent with vegetative cells within 2 weeks. Vegetative and akinete cell types were separated into cytoplasmic, thylakoid, and outer membrane fractions; the increase in hopanoid expression observed in akinetes was due to a 34-fold enrichment of hopanoid content in their outer membrane relative to vegetative cells. Akinetes formed in response either to low light or phosphorus limitation, exhibited the same 2-methylhopanoid localization and concentration, demonstrating that 2-methylhopanoids are associated with the akinete cell type per se. Because akinetes are resting cells that are not photosynthetically active, 2-methylhopanoids cannot be functionally linked to oxygenic photosynthesis in N. punctiforme.
Date issued
2009-10Department
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary SciencesJournal
Geobiology
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Citation
Doughty, D. M. et al. “2-Methylhopanoids Are Maximally Produced in Akinetes of Nostoc Punctiforme : Geobiological Implications.” Geobiology 7.5 (2009): 524–532. Web.
Version: Author's final manuscript
ISSN
1472-4677
1472-4669