Cardiac Phenotypes in Secondary Hypertension: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Januszewicz, Andrzej Mulatero, Paolo Dobrowolski, Piotr Monticone, Silvia Van der Niepen, Patricia Sarafidis, Pantelis Reincke, Martin Rexhaj, Emrush Eisenhofer, Graeme Januszewicz, Magdalena Kasiakogias, Alexandros Kreutz, Reinhold Lenders, Jacques W M Muiesan, Maria Lorenza Persu, Alexandre [UCL] Agabiti-Rosei, Enrico Soria, Rodrigo Śpiewak, Mateusz Prejbisz, Aleksander Messerli, Franz H et al.[show all]

Several forms of secondary hypertension carry a high risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Evaluation of cardiac phenotypes in secondary hypertension provides a unique opportunity to study underlying hormonal and biochemical mechanisms affecting the heart. We review the characteristics of cardiac dysfunction in different forms of secondary hypertension and clarify the mechanisms behind the higher prevalence of heart damage in these patients than in those with primary hypertension. Attention to the specific clinical/biochemical phenotypes of these conditions may assist clinicians to screen for and confirm secondary forms of hypertension. Thereby, early signs of heart damage can be recognized and monitored, allowing individualized treatment to delay or prevent evolution toward more advanced disease.