Effects of protein on glycemic and incretin responses and gastric emptying after oral glucose in healthy subjects
Date
2007
Authors
Karamanlis, A.
Chaikomin, R.
Doran, S.
Bellon, M.
Bartholomeusz, D.
Wishart, J.
Jones, K.
Horowitz, M.
Rayner, C.
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Journal article
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American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007; 86(5):1364-1368
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Abstract
<h4>Background</h4>Dietary interventions represent a promising therapeutic strategy to optimize postprandial glycemia. The addition of protein to oral glucose has been reported to improve the glycemic profile.<h4>Objective</h4>The aim of the current study was to evaluate the mechanisms by which protein supplementation lowers the blood glucose response to oral glucose.<h4>Design</h4>Nine healthy men were studied on 3 d each in a random order. Subjects consumed 300-mL drinks containing either 50 g glucose (Glucose), 30 g gelatin (Protein), or 50 g glucose with 30 g gelatin (Glucose + Protein) in water labeled with 150 mg [(13)C]acetate. Blood and breath samples were subsequently collected for 3 h to measure blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations and gastric half-emptying time, which was calculated from (13)CO(2) excretion.<h4>Results</h4>The blood glucose response was less after Glucose + Protein than after Glucose (P < 0.005); GIP was lower (P < 0.005), and there were no significant differences in plasma insulin or GLP-1. Protein alone stimulated insulin, GLP-1, and GIP (P < 0.05 for each) without elevating blood glucose. The gastric half-emptying time was greater after Glucose + Protein than after Glucose (P < 0.05) and tended to be greater for Glucose than for Protein (P = 0.06).<h4>Conclusions</h4>In healthy humans, the addition of protein to oral glucose lowers postprandial blood glucose concentrations acutely, predominantly by slowing gastric emptying, although protein also stimulates incretin hormones and non-glucose-dependent insulin release.
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© 2007 American Society for Nutrition