Võõrainese kinnistumine eesti keeles: keelekorralduslik ja leksikograafiline vaade
Date
2023-10-11
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Abstract
Rahva keel ja ajalugu on omavahel seotud: sõnade laenamise kaudu ka nende rahvaste ajalooga, kellega oleme keeleliselt kokku puutunud. Sõnavara on keele kõige muutlikum osa, sest ühiskonna muutused kajastuvad kõige ehedamalt sõnavaras, teis(t)e keel(t)e mõju on tavaliselt kõige märgatavam sõnalaenudes. Siinse leksikoloogiaalase väitekirja uurimisobjekt on eesti keele võõrainese (tsitaatsõnade ja võõrsõnade) kasutamisega seonduv. Väitekirja eesmärk on näidata, mis soodustab võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumist ja mis seda takistab, ning luua raamistik võõrainese käsitlemisele üldkeele sõnaraamatuis. Praktiline eesmärk on pakkuda eesti keelekorraldusele uuendatud põhimõtteid keelde tuleva võõrainese käsitlemiseks, eeskätt leksikograafilisel esitamisel Eesti Keele Instituudi (EKI) ühendsõnastiku (ÜS) ja 2025. aastal ilmuva ÕSi tarvis. Leksikograafiline esitus tähendab sõnavaraüksuste igakülgset kirjeldamist, mis hõlmab nii sõna vormi, sisu kui ka kasutamist.
Asjaolu, et nüüdisaegseid sõnaraamatuid koostatakse veebis, tähendab ühtlasi selle protsessi avalikkust ja sellega kaasnevaid küsimusi. See kõik on kaasa toonud vajaduse uuendada ja sõnastada keelekorralduse põhimõtteid, seal hulgas võõrainese kohanemisega seonduvaid, nt seda, kust jookseb piir aktsepteeritava rööpvormi ja ortograafiavea vahel, kuidas käsitleda rööpseid kirjakujusid ja keelereeglitele mittevastavaid vormistusviise (nt tsitaatsõnade puhul), levinud mugandhääldusi, käändtüüpide segunemist, sõnatähenduste muutumist jms.
Tänapäeva leksikograafias ja keelekorralduses lähtutakse küll järjest enam kasutuspõhisusest (nt keeletoimkonna otsustes) ja teadusliku uurimise tulemustest (muudatused ÜSis ja ÕSis 2025), ent seni pole piisavalt uuritud, kuidas normingud toimivad ja millised normingud ei tööta. Siinne väitekiri on osa sellesuunalisest uurimistööst. Peamine uurimismaterjal pärineb sõnastikest (eeskätt võõr- ja õigekeelsussõnastikest) ja sõnastike andmebaasidest, taustamaterjal EKI keelenõu andmebaasist. Väitekirjas on vaadeldud võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumist saja aasta jooksul ja lähtutud kasutuspõhisest lähenemisviisist. Väitekirja tulemused näitavad, et see, kust läheb piir rööpvormi ja kirjavea vahel, on suuresti tunnetuslik ja kokkuleppeline. Ühest piiri aktsepteeritava keelemuutuse ja õigekirjavea vahel on raske kehtestada, ent kui kasutus näitab paljude keelekasutajate sagedast nö eksimist ühe vormi kasuks, siis on sellel põhjus, mis väärib uurimist. Uurimuse põhjal olen pakkunud hindamisaluse, millele võiks sõnaraamatutöös toetuda: kui norminguvastast varianti on võrreldes normingukohasega kogukasutuses vähemalt 20%, on alust kaaluda rööpvormi aktsepteerimist. Võõrsõnade kirjakuju muutumise olulisemad aspektid on lähtekeel (selle struktuur), laenu kuju lähtekeeles ja vahenduskeeles, laenamise situatsioon ning keelekorraldusotsused. Eesti keel on kõige ulatuslikumalt olnud kontaktis saksa ja vene keelega, suurem osa laentüvevarast on jõudnud eesti keelde saksa keele kaudu. Praegune dominantkeel on inglise keel, mille vahendusel toimub nn taaslaenamine, samuti on see peamine uuslaenude allikas. Väitekirjas olen jõudnud järeldusele, et üldkeele sõnaraamatus, nagu EKI ühendsõnastikus, saab deskriptiivseid ja preskriptiivseid infoüksusi põimida, lisades selgituse või soovituse ajaloo.
The language of a people and their history are closely related; through borrowing words, we are also connected to the history of the peoples with whom we have come into linguistic contact. Vocabulary is the most changeable part of a language because societal changes are most clearly reflected in changes in vocabulary, and the influence of other languages is usually most noticeable in loanwords. The subject of this lexicological dissertation is the use of foreign elements (adapted and unadapted foreign words) in the Estonian language. The theoretical aim of the dissertation is to demonstrate what encourages and inhibits changes in the orthography of foreign words and to create a framework for handling foreign elements in general language dictionaries. The practical aim is to offer updated principles for dealing with foreign elements entering the language, especially with regard to their lexicographical presentation in the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian (ÕS) to be published in 2025. Lexicographical presentation means the comprehensive description of vocabulary units, which includes not only the form of the word but also its meaning and usage. Over the last decade, there has been a shift towards usage-based corpus planning in Estonia, together with a more descriptive approach and an increased role for scientific research. The fact that dictionaries are now being compiled online also means greater public scrutiny of the process and the issues that come with it. All of this has led to a need to update and formulate the principles of corpus planning, including aspects related to the adaptation of foreign elements, such as where the boundary is drawn between an acceptable variant and a spelling mistake, how to deal with deviant spellings and forms that do not conform to the existing language rules (such as in unadapted foreign words), common phonetic adaptations, and the mixing of declension patterns, changes in word meanings, and so on. The main material for the research comes from dictionaries (mostly foreign word and standard language dictionaries) and dictionary databases, with background material from the Estonian Language Institute’s language advice database. The dissertation relies on ways foreign words have changed so far and takes a usage-based approach. Although modern lexicography and corpus planning increasingly apply usage-based principles (e.g., in decisions by the language committee) and the results of scientific research (changes to the Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian in 2025, which rely on the results of research articles), there has not been enough research into how norms function and which norms do not work. This dissertation aims to fill this gap. The results of the dissertation show that the boundary between a variant and a spelling mistake is largely a question of intuition and convention. It is difficult to establish a clear boundary between an acceptable linguistic change and a spelling mistake, but if usage shows that many language users frequently "err" in favour of a specific form, there must be a reason for it that deserves investigation. Based on the research, I have proposed a criterion that could be used in practical lexicography: if a non-standard variant is used by at least 20% of users compared to the normative variant, it may be worth considering including it as an alternative spelling. The main aspects of changes in the spelling of foreign words are the source language (its structure), the form of the borrowing in the source language and the target language, the situation of the loan, and corpus planning decisions. The Estonian language has been in contact most extensively with German and Russian, and most of its loanword stock has been borrowed from German. The process of re-borrowing is currently taking place primarily through the dominant language of English. In my thesis, I have come to the conclusion that in a general language dictionary, such as the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary, descriptive and prescriptive information units can be integrated by adding the history of an explanation or recommendation.
The language of a people and their history are closely related; through borrowing words, we are also connected to the history of the peoples with whom we have come into linguistic contact. Vocabulary is the most changeable part of a language because societal changes are most clearly reflected in changes in vocabulary, and the influence of other languages is usually most noticeable in loanwords. The subject of this lexicological dissertation is the use of foreign elements (adapted and unadapted foreign words) in the Estonian language. The theoretical aim of the dissertation is to demonstrate what encourages and inhibits changes in the orthography of foreign words and to create a framework for handling foreign elements in general language dictionaries. The practical aim is to offer updated principles for dealing with foreign elements entering the language, especially with regard to their lexicographical presentation in the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian (ÕS) to be published in 2025. Lexicographical presentation means the comprehensive description of vocabulary units, which includes not only the form of the word but also its meaning and usage. Over the last decade, there has been a shift towards usage-based corpus planning in Estonia, together with a more descriptive approach and an increased role for scientific research. The fact that dictionaries are now being compiled online also means greater public scrutiny of the process and the issues that come with it. All of this has led to a need to update and formulate the principles of corpus planning, including aspects related to the adaptation of foreign elements, such as where the boundary is drawn between an acceptable variant and a spelling mistake, how to deal with deviant spellings and forms that do not conform to the existing language rules (such as in unadapted foreign words), common phonetic adaptations, and the mixing of declension patterns, changes in word meanings, and so on. The main material for the research comes from dictionaries (mostly foreign word and standard language dictionaries) and dictionary databases, with background material from the Estonian Language Institute’s language advice database. The dissertation relies on ways foreign words have changed so far and takes a usage-based approach. Although modern lexicography and corpus planning increasingly apply usage-based principles (e.g., in decisions by the language committee) and the results of scientific research (changes to the Combined Dictionary and the Dictionary of Standard Estonian in 2025, which rely on the results of research articles), there has not been enough research into how norms function and which norms do not work. This dissertation aims to fill this gap. The results of the dissertation show that the boundary between a variant and a spelling mistake is largely a question of intuition and convention. It is difficult to establish a clear boundary between an acceptable linguistic change and a spelling mistake, but if usage shows that many language users frequently "err" in favour of a specific form, there must be a reason for it that deserves investigation. Based on the research, I have proposed a criterion that could be used in practical lexicography: if a non-standard variant is used by at least 20% of users compared to the normative variant, it may be worth considering including it as an alternative spelling. The main aspects of changes in the spelling of foreign words are the source language (its structure), the form of the borrowing in the source language and the target language, the situation of the loan, and corpus planning decisions. The Estonian language has been in contact most extensively with German and Russian, and most of its loanword stock has been borrowed from German. The process of re-borrowing is currently taking place primarily through the dominant language of English. In my thesis, I have come to the conclusion that in a general language dictionary, such as the Estonian Language Institute's Combined Dictionary, descriptive and prescriptive information units can be integrated by adding the history of an explanation or recommendation.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
Estonian language, foreign words, language planning, standardization, lexicography