Toenail zinc as a biomarker: Relationship with sources of environmental exposure and with genetic variability in MCC-Spain study
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Gutiérrez-González, Enrique; Fernández-Navarro, Pablo; Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto; García-Pérez, Javier; Castaño-Vinyals, Gemma; Martín-Sánchez, Vicente; Amiano, Pilar; Gómez Acebo, Inés; Guevara, Marcela; Fernández Tardón, Guillermo; Salcedo-Bellido, Inmaculada; Moreno, Víctor; Pinto Carbó, Marina; Alguacil, Juan; Marcos-Gragera, Rafael; Gómez Gómez, Jesús Humberto; Gómez Ariza, José Luis; García Barrera, Tamara; Varea Jiménez, Elena; [et al.]Fecha
2022Derechos
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Publicado en
Environment International
Volume 169, November 2022, 107525
Editorial
Elsevier
Enlace a la publicación
Palabras clave
Toenail
Environmental exposure
Biomarker
Zinc
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Polygenic score
Resumen/Abstract
Background
Toenails are commonly used as biomarkers of exposure to zinc (Zn), but there is scarce information about their relationship with sources of exposure to Zn.
Objectives
To investigate the main determinants of toenail Zn, including selected sources of environmental exposure to Zn and individual genetic variability in Zn metabolism.
Methods
We determined toenail Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 3,448 general population controls from the MultiCase-Control study MCC-Spain. We assessed dietary and supplement Zn intake using food frequency questionnaires, residential proximity to Zn-emitting industries and residential topsoil Zn levels through interpolation methods. We constructed a polygenic score of genetic variability based on 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in Zn metabolism. Geometric mean ratios of toenail Zn across categories of each determinant were estimated from multivariate linear regression models on log-transformed toenail Zn.
Results
Geometric mean toenail Zn was 104.1 µg/g in men and 100.3 µg/g in women. Geometric mean toenail Zn levels were 7 % lower (95 % confidence interval 1?13 %) in men older than 69 years and those in the upper tertile of fibre intake, and 9 % higher (3?16 %) in smoking men. Women residing within 3 km from Zn-emitting industries had 4 % higher geometric mean toenail Zn levels (0?9 %). Dietary Zn intake and polygenic score were unrelated to toenail Zn. Overall, the available determinants only explained 9.3 % of toenail Zn variability in men and 4.8 % in women.
Discussion
Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposure explained little of the individual variability of toenail Zn in the study population. The available genetic variants related to Zn metabolism were not associated with toenail Zn.
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