Habenula deep brain stimulation for refractory bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a mood disorder associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In many cases, BD can be managed with pharmacotherapy, psychological therapy, or electroconvulsive therapy [1]. For some afflicted patients, however, BD is a chronic and severely disabling condition that is resistant to the aforementioned treatments. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) offers a safe and effective neurosurgical treatment for otherwise refractory movement disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder [2,3].