Cultivo e composição química de Vernonia polyanthes (Spreng.) Less
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2020-04-03
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Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
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A espécie Vernonia polyanthes (Spreng.) Less., Asteraceae, popularmente conhecida como assa-peixe, assa-peixe-branco, mata-pasto,é nativa do Brasil com ampla distribuição (regiões sul e sudeste e centro-oeste) comum em área de Cerrado em São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais e Goiás, e na orla Atlântica. Há poucas informações na literatura, sobre técnicas de cultivo para essa espécie. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar adubação orgânica, níveis de calagem, época de colheita e densidade de plantio na produtividade e produção de compostos bioativos de assa-peixe. Os experimentos foram realizados na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Câmpus de Botucatu - SP. O trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos, onde no capítulo 1 foi abordada a adubação com esterco de curral curtido e níveis de calagem na produtividade e a influência na produção de óleo essencial. As variáveis analisadas foram massa seca de raízes, massa seca das folhas, altura das plantas comprimento da maior raiz, volume da raiz, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas. Houve efeito significativo da adubação no volume da raiz e na massa seca da raiz. Plantas que não receberam adubo apresentaram maior valor para essas características. O maior teor de óleo essencial foi para a dose de 9 kg m-2 de adubo. Na avaliação dos compostos químicos, foram identificadas 13 substâncias no óleo essencial e o germacreno D foi o composto majoritário, que se destacou tanto para adubação quanto para calagem. Os taninos solúveis e cumarina não apresentaram diferenças significativas tanto para calagem quanto para adubação. A atividade antioxidante para adubação foi alcançada com a dose de 12 kg m-2 e para calagem com os V% de 75 e 90. Nos diferentes níveis de calagem no solo, houve efeito significativo para número de folhas, massa seca de folhas e volume de raízes, sendo os valores de V% de 75 e 90 os que obtiveram melhores respostas. O maior teor de óleo foi para o V% de 29. No capítulo 2 foram abordadas quatro épocas de colheita e sua influência na produção de metabólitos secundários. Aos 180, 240, 300 e 360 dias após o plantio. As características avaliadas foram altura de plantas, diâmetro e massa seca de folhas. De acordo com as avaliações citadas, a melhor época para colheita foi em torno dos 300 dias após o plantio, melhor época para colheita de folhas de onde foram extraídos o óleo essencial, taninos e cumarina, além da determinação da atividade antioxidante. Não houve diferença significativa para o teor de óleo essencial e para cumarina, taninos e atividade antioxidante. A composição foi à mesma da adubação e calagem com composto majoritário germacreno D. Para o experimento de espaçamento, foram avaliados quatro espaçamentos: 1mx0, 5m; 1mx1m; 1mx1, 5m e 1mx2m e o teor de óleo essencial, taninos e cumarinas além da atividade antioxidante. As características biométricas avaliadas (altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule e massa seca) não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. O espaçamento que apresentou melhor resultado foi 1mx2m tanto para as características biométricas, quanto para taninos. O perfil do óleo não se alterou e não houve diferenças estatísticas para teor de cumarina e atividade antioxidante.
The species Vernonia polyanthes (Spreng.) Less., Asteraceae, popularly known as assa-peixe, assa-peixe-branco, cambará-branco, mata-pasto, are native to Brazil with wide distribution (south and southeast regions and central-west) common in Cerrado area in São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais and Goiás, and in the Atlantic coast. There is little information in the literature about cultivation techniques for this species. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate organic fertilization, liming levels, harvest time and planting density in the productivity and production of bioactive compounds of assa-peixe. The experiments were carried out at Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Campus Botucatu - SP. The work was divided into two chapters, where Chapter 1 was approached fertilization with cattle manure tanned and liming levels in productivity and influence in essential oil production. The variables analyzed were dry root weight, dry leaf weight, plant height, length of the largest root, root volume, stem diameter and number of leaves. There was a significant effect of fertilization on root volume and root dry matter. Plants that did not receive fertilizer showed higher value for these characteristics. The highest content of essential oil was for the dose of 9 kg m-2 of fertilizer. In the evaluation of chemical compounds, 13 substances were identified in the essential oil and germacrene D was the major compound, which stood out both for fertilization and for liming. Soluble tannins and coumarin did not show significant differences for both liming and fertilization. The antioxidant activity for fertilization was achieved with the dose of 12 kg m-2 and for liming with the V% of 75 and 90. In the different levels of liming in the soil, there was a significant effect on number of leaves, dry leaf mass and volume roots, with the V% values of 75 and 90 being the ones that obtained the best responses. The highest oil content was for the V% of 29. In chapter 2, four harvest seasons and their influence on the production of secondary metabolites were addressed. At 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after planting. The characteristics evaluated were plant height, diameter and dry leaf mass. According to the aforementioned evaluations, the best time to harvest was around 300 days after planting, the best time to harvest leaves from which essential oil, tannins and coumarin were extracted, in addition to determining antioxidant activity. There was no significant difference for essential oil content and for coumarin, tannins and antioxidant activity. The composition was the same as for fertilizing and liming with a major germacrene compound D. For the spacing experiment, four spacing were evaluated: 1mx0.5m; 1mx1m; 1mx1.5m and 1mx2m and the content of essential oil, tannins and coumarins in addition to antioxidant activity. The biometric characteristics evaluated (plant height, stem diameter and dry mass) did not show statistical differences. The spacing that showed the best result was 1mx2m for both biometric characteristics and tannins. The oil profile did not change and there were no statistical differences for coumarin content and antioxidant activity.
The species Vernonia polyanthes (Spreng.) Less., Asteraceae, popularly known as assa-peixe, assa-peixe-branco, cambará-branco, mata-pasto, are native to Brazil with wide distribution (south and southeast regions and central-west) common in Cerrado area in São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais and Goiás, and in the Atlantic coast. There is little information in the literature about cultivation techniques for this species. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate organic fertilization, liming levels, harvest time and planting density in the productivity and production of bioactive compounds of assa-peixe. The experiments were carried out at Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Campus Botucatu - SP. The work was divided into two chapters, where Chapter 1 was approached fertilization with cattle manure tanned and liming levels in productivity and influence in essential oil production. The variables analyzed were dry root weight, dry leaf weight, plant height, length of the largest root, root volume, stem diameter and number of leaves. There was a significant effect of fertilization on root volume and root dry matter. Plants that did not receive fertilizer showed higher value for these characteristics. The highest content of essential oil was for the dose of 9 kg m-2 of fertilizer. In the evaluation of chemical compounds, 13 substances were identified in the essential oil and germacrene D was the major compound, which stood out both for fertilization and for liming. Soluble tannins and coumarin did not show significant differences for both liming and fertilization. The antioxidant activity for fertilization was achieved with the dose of 12 kg m-2 and for liming with the V% of 75 and 90. In the different levels of liming in the soil, there was a significant effect on number of leaves, dry leaf mass and volume roots, with the V% values of 75 and 90 being the ones that obtained the best responses. The highest oil content was for the V% of 29. In chapter 2, four harvest seasons and their influence on the production of secondary metabolites were addressed. At 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after planting. The characteristics evaluated were plant height, diameter and dry leaf mass. According to the aforementioned evaluations, the best time to harvest was around 300 days after planting, the best time to harvest leaves from which essential oil, tannins and coumarin were extracted, in addition to determining antioxidant activity. There was no significant difference for essential oil content and for coumarin, tannins and antioxidant activity. The composition was the same as for fertilizing and liming with a major germacrene compound D. For the spacing experiment, four spacing were evaluated: 1mx0.5m; 1mx1m; 1mx1.5m and 1mx2m and the content of essential oil, tannins and coumarins in addition to antioxidant activity. The biometric characteristics evaluated (plant height, stem diameter and dry mass) did not show statistical differences. The spacing that showed the best result was 1mx2m for both biometric characteristics and tannins. The oil profile did not change and there were no statistical differences for coumarin content and antioxidant activity.
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Plantas medicinais, Compostos bioativos, Fitoterapia, Medicinal plants, Bioactive compounds, Phytotherapy