Fuel cells operating as an immunosensor for cancer biomarker screening

Abstract

This work presents the first integration of antibodies into one of the electrodes of a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) to create an autonomous immunosensor for cancer antigen 153 (CA15-3). The anode of the fuel cell was first made of carbon cloth with carbon black, platinum and ruthenium nanoparticles and then modified with anti-CA15-3, while the cathode was made of carbon cloth with carbon black and platinum nanoparticles. This hybrid DMFC (hDMFC), which works as an immunosensor, was fed with dilute methanol to generate a concentration-dependent current. The hDMFC device was calibrated in different media (buffer and serum), by incubating increasing concentrations of CA15-3 standard solutions, ranging from 47 to 750 U/mL. The linear response ranged from 188 to 563 U/mL, and the limit of detection (LoD) was 39.8 U/mL. The selectivity of the biosensor was also evaluated with competing cancer biomarkers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), as well as with other compounds normally present in blood plasma (ascorbic acid, glucose, uric acid and urea), adjusted to the normal range of concentrations in serum. The results obtained indicate good selectivity of the immunosensor in the fuel cell. In general, the immunosensor showed a good response considering its integration into a passive DMFC. It is a good sensor for point-of-care (PoC) diagnosis because it has a good performance in human serum and, most importantly, it pursues electrical autonomy.