Simulation-Oriented Training: Analysis and Modeling of Trainer Activity During Post-simulation Debriefing (D-STAM)

In post-simulation debriefing, the trainer's role is increasingly recognised as an important asset for effective professional training. However, there are no specific models that focus on the trainer's activity during this fundamental phase of learning. Existing work often provides prescriptive insights and lacks a comprehensive theoretical framework from the trainer's perspective. To fill this gap, the article presents the D-STAM (Debriefing Simulation Trainer Activity Model), an integrative model designed to understand and improve trainer activity during post-simulation debriefing. The D-STAM aims to answer the research question about the trainer's role in post-simulation debriefing and to identify the characteristics of trainer activity. It was developed on the basis of an integrative bibliographic search in nine French and English databases (Google Scholar, ERIC, ERUDIT, CAIRN, Pascal & Francis, OpenEdition, Springer, SCOPUS and Sudoc). The 33 articles selected were subjected to a thematic analysis (based on Braun and Clark, 2006) carried out using n-vivo 12 software. D-STAM highlights the role of the trainer as a facilitator, guiding learners' reflections and supporting the development of operational models. It emphasises the dual regulation of the trainer's activity, both by himself/herself and by the dynamic conditions of the debriefing. The model includes three levels of variables (input, process and effect) and provides a holistic understanding of the trainer's activity, including the use of technology.