Evidence for solar influence in a Holocene speleothem record (Père Noël cave, SE Belgium)

[en] We present a decadal-centennial scale Holocene climate record based on trace elements contents from a 65cm stalagmite from Belgian Père Noël cave. “Père Noël” (PN) stalagmite covers the last 12.7 ka according to U/ Th dating. High spatial resolution measurements of trace elements (Sr, Ba and Mg) were done by Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Trace elements profiles were interpreted as environmental and climate changes in the Han-sur-Lesse region. Power spectrum estimators and continuous wavelet transform were applied on trace elements time series to detect any statistically significant periodicities in the PN stalagmite. Spectral analyses reveal decadal to millennial periodicities (i.e., 68–75, 133–136, 198–209, 291–358, 404–602, 912–1029 and 2365–2670 yr) in the speleothem record. Results were compared to reconstructed sunspot number data to determine whether solar signal is presents in PN speleothem. The occurrence of significant solar periodicities (i.e., cycles of Gleissberg, de Vries, unnamed 500 years, Eddy and Hallstatt) supports for an impact of solar forcing on PN speleothem trace element contents. Moreover, several intervals of significant rapid winter change were detected during the Holocene at 10.3, 9.3–9.5, around 8.2, 6.4–6.2, 4.7–4.5, and around 2.7 ka BP. Those intervals are similar to the cold winter events evidenced in different natural paleoclimate archives, suggesting common climate forcing mechanisms related to changes in solar irradiance.

Disciplines :

Earth sciences & physical geography

Author, co-author :

Allan, Mohammed ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires

Deliège, Adrien ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Dép. d'électric., électron. et informat. (Inst.Montefiore) > Télécommunications

Verheyden, sophie

Nicolay, Samuel ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de mathématique > Analyse - Analyse fonctionnelle - Ondelettes

Fagel, Nathalie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Département de géologie > Argiles, géochimie et environnements sédimentaires

Language :

English

Title :

Evidence for solar influence in a Holocene speleothem record (Père Noël cave, SE Belgium)

Publication date :

June 2018

Journal title :

Quaternary Science Reviews

ISSN :

0277-3791

eISSN :

1873-457X

Publisher :

Elsevier, United Kingdom

Peer reviewed :

Peer Reviewed verified by ORBi

Available on ORBi :

since 07 June 2018

Statistics

Number of views

224 (53 by ULiège)

Number of downloads

64 (24 by ULiège)

More statistics

Scopus citations^®

Scopus citations^®
without self-citations

OpenCitations

Bibliography

Allan, M., Fagel, N., van der Lubbe, H.J.L., Vonhof, H.B., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Verheyden, S.:High-resolution reconstruction of 8.2 ka event documented in Père Noël cave, southern Belgium. J. Quat. Sci., 2018 (under review).
Allan, M., Fagel, N., Van Rampelbergh, M., Baldini, J., Riotte, J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Gillikin, D., Quinif, Y., Verheyden, S., Lead concentrations and isotope ratios in speleothems as proxies for atmospheric metal pollution since the industrial revolution. Chem. Geol. 401 (2015), 140–150.
Allan, M., Le Roux, G., Piotrowska, N., Beghin, J., Javaux, E., Court-Picon, M., Mattielli, N., Verheyden, S., Fagel, N., Mid and late Holocene dust deposition in western Europe: the Misten peat bog (Hautes Fagnes - Belgium). Clim. Past 9 (2013), 2285–2298.
Alley, R.B., Mayewski, P.A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K.C., Clark, P.U., Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25 (1997), 483–486.
Alverson, K.D., Bradley, R.S., Pedersen, T.F., Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future. 2003, Springer, New York.
Andrews, M.B., Knight, J.R., Gray, L.J., A simulated lagged response of the North Atlantic Oscillation to the solar cycle over the period 1960–2009. Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 2015, 10.1088/1748-9326/10/5/054022 054022.
Attolini, M.R., Cecchini, S., Galli, M., Nanni, T., On the persistence of the 22 y solar cycle. Sol. Phys. 125 (1990), 389–398.
Baldini, L.M., McDermott, F., Foley, A.M., Baldini, J.U.L., Spatial variability in the European winter precipitation δ18ONAO relationship: implications for reconstructing NAO-mode climate variability in the Holocene. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 2008, 10.1029/2007GL032027 L04709.
Baldini, L.M., McDermott, F., Baldini, J.U.L., Arias, P., Cueto, M., Fairchild, I.J., Hoffmann, D.L., Mattey, D.P., Müller, W., Nita, D.C., Ontañón, R., Garciá-Moncó C., Richards, D.A., Regional temperature, atmospheric circulation, and sea-ice variability within the Younger Dryas Event constrained using a speleothem from northern Iberia. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 419 (2015), 101–110.
Barber, D.C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A.E., Andrews, J.T., Kerwin, M.W., Bilodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southon, J., Morehead, M.D., Gagnon, J.M., Forcing of the cold event 8200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of laurentide lakes. Nature 400:5 (1999), 344–348.
Bakke, J., Lie, O., Heegaard, E., Dokken, T., Haug, G.H., Birks, H.H., Dulski, P., Nilsen, T., Rapid oceanic and atmospheric changes during the Younger Dryas cold period. Nat. Geosci. 2 (2009), 202–205.
Bjorck, S., Muscheler, R., Kromer, B., Andresen, C.S., Heinemeier, J., Johnsen, J., Johnsen, S.J., Conley, D., Koc, N., Spurk, M., Veski, S., Highresolution analyses of an early Holocene climate event may imply decreased solar forcing as an important climate trigger. Geology 29 (2001), 1107–1110.
Blaauw, M., van Geel, B., van der Plicht, J., Solar forcing of climate change during the mid-Holocene: indications from raised bogs in The Netherlands. Holocene 14 (2004), 35–44.
Blyth, A.J., Smith, C.I., Drysdale, R.N., A new perspective on the delta C-13 signal preserved in speleothems using LC-IRMS analysis of bulk organic matter and compound specific stable isotope analysis. Quat. Sci. Rev. 75 (2013), 143–149.
Boch, R., Spotl, C., Kramers, J., High-resolution isotope records of early Holocene rapid climate change from two coeval stalagmites of Katerloch Cave, Austria. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28 (2009), 2527–2538.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Alsami, P., deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G., A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene glacial climates. Science 278 (1997), 1257–1266.
Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M.N., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., LottiBond, R., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G., Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294 (2001), 2130–2136.
Brauer, A., Haug, G.H., Dulski, P., Sigman, D.M., Negendank, J.F.W., An abrupt wind shift in western Europe at the onset of the Younger Dryas cold period. Nat. Geosci. 1 (2008), 520–523.
Chapman, M.R., Shackleton, N., Evidence of 550-year and 1500-year cyclicities in North Atlantic circulation pattern during the Holocene. Holocene 10:3 (2000), 287–291.
Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Broecker, W.S., Denton, G.H., Kong, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, R., Wang, X., Ice age terminations. Science 326 (2009), 248–252.
Cheng, H., Fleitmann, D., Edwards, R.L., Wang, X.F., Cruz, F.W., Auler, A.S., Mangini, a., Wang, Y.J., Kong, X.G., Burns, S.J., matter, a., Timing andstructure of the 8.2 kyr BP event inferred from delta O-18 records of stalagmitesfrom China, Oman, and Brazil. Geology 37 (2009), 1007–1010.
Carlson, A.E., Winsor, K., Ullman, D.J., Brook, E., Rood, D.H., Axford, Y., Le Grande, A.N., Anslow, F., Sinclair, G., Earliest Holocene south Greenland ice-sheet retreat within its late-Holocene extent. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 (2014), 5514–5521.
Clark, P.U., Marshall, S.J., Clarke, G.K.C., Hostetler, S.W., Licciardi, J.M., Teller, J.T., Freshwater forcing of abrupt climate change during the last glaciation. Science 293 (2001), 283–287.
Comas-Bru, L., McDermott, F., Werner, M., The effect of the East Atlantic pattern on the precipitation δ18O-NAO relationship in Europe. Clim. Dynam. 47 (2016), 2059–2069.
Cosford, J., Qing, H., Mattey, D., Eglington, B., Zhang, M., Climatic and local effects on stalagmite δ13C values at Lianhua Cave, China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 280 (2009), 235–244.
Czymzik, M., Muscheler, R., Brauer, A., Solar modulation of flood frequency in central Europe during spring and summer on interannual to multi-centennial timescales. Clim. Past 12:3 (2016), 799–805.
Deflandre, G., La grotte du Pere Noel. De la Meuse a l'Ardenne, vol. 2, 1986, 5–56.
De Jongh, I.L.M., Verhoest, N.E.C., de Troch, F.P., Analysis of a 105-year time series of precipitation observed at Uccle. Int. J. Climatol. 26 (2006), 2023–2039.
Deliège, A., Nicolay, S., Extracting oscillating components from nonstationary time series: a wavelet-induced method. Phys. Rev. E, 96(033307), 2017.
Deliège, A., Nicolay, S., A new wavelet-based mode decomposition for oscillating signals and comparison with the empirical mode decomposition. 13th International Conference on Information Technology, 2016, 959–968.
Deininger, M., McDermott, F., Mudelsee, M., Werner, M., Frank, N., Mangini, A., Coherency of late Holocene European speleothem δ 18O records linked to North Atlantic ocean circulation. Clim. Dynam. 49 (2017), 595–618 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3360-8.
Delvaux de Fenffe, D., Geologie et Tectonique du parc de Lesse et Lomme au bord sud du Bassin de Dinant (Rochefort, Belgique). Bull. Soc. Belge Geol. 94:1 (1985), 81–95.
Delmonte, B., Petit, J.R., Maggi, V., Glacial to Holocene implications of the new 27,000-year dust record from the EPICA Dome C (East Antarctica) ice core. Clim. Dynam. 18 (2002), 647–660.
Dredge, J., Fairchild, I.J., Harrison, R.M., Fernandez-Cortes, A., Sanchez-Moral, S., Jurado, V., Gunn, J., Smith, A., Spoetl, C., Mattey, D., Wynn, P.M., Nathalie, G., Cave aerosols: distribution and contribution to speleothem geochemistry. Quat. Sci. Rev. 63 (2013), 23–41.
Drysdale, R.N., Hellstrom, J.C., Zanchetta, G., Fallick, A.E., Sanchez Go, M.F., Couchoud, I., McDonald, J., Maas, R., Lohmann, G., Isola, I., Evidence for obliquity forcing of glacial termination II. Science 325 (2009), 1527–1531.
Duan, F.C., Wang, Y.J., Shen, C.-C., Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Wu, C.-C., Hu, H.-M., Kong, X.G., Liu, D.B., Zhao, K., Evidence for solar cycles in a late Holocene speleothem record from Dongge Cave, China. Sci. Rep., 4, 2014, 5159.
Edwards, R.L., Chen, J.H., Wasserburg, G.J., 238U-234U-230Th-232Th systematics and the precise measurement of time over the past 500.000 years. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 81 (1987), 175–192.
Fairchild, I.J., Borsato, A., Tooth, A.F., Frisia, S., Hawkesworth, C.J., Huang, Y., McDermott, F., Spiro, B., Controls on trace element (Sr–Mg) compositions of carbonate cave waters: implications for speleothem climatic records. Chem. Geol. 166 (2000), 255–269.
Fairchild, I.J., Smith, C.L., Baker, A., Fuller, L., Spotl, C., Mattey, D., McDermott, F., E.I.M.F. Modification and preservation of environmental signals in speleothems. Earth Sci. Rev. 75 (2006), 105–153.
Fairchild, I.J., Treble, P.C., Trace elements in speleothems as recorders of environmetal change. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28 (2009), 449–468.
Fairchild, I.J., Baker, A., Speleothem Science: from Process to Past Environments. 2012, Wiley Blackwell, 448 ISBN: 978-1-4051-9620-8.
Fleitmann, D., Cheng, H., Badertscher, S., Edwards, R.L., Mudelsee, M., Gokturk, O.M., Fankhauser, A., Pickering, R., Raible, C.C., Matter, A., Kramers, J., Tüysuz, O., Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, 2009, 10.1029/2009GL0.
Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Preto, N., McDermott, F., Late Holocene annual growth in three Alpine stalagmites records the influence of solar activity and the North Atlantic Oscillation on winter climate. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 290:216 (2003), 411–424.
Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Fairchild, I.J., Susini, J., Variations in atmospheric sulphate recorded in stalagmites by synchrotron micro-XRF and XANES analyses. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 235 (2005), 729–740.
Fohlmeister, J., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Scholz, D., Spötl, C., Riechelmann, D.F.C., Mudelsee, M., Wackerbarth, A., Gerdes, A., Riechelmann, S., Immenhauser, A., Richter, D.K., Mangini, A., Bunker Cave stalagmites: an archive for central European Holocene climate variability. Clim. Past 8 (2012), 1751–1764 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1751-2012.
Fornaca-Rinaldi, G., Panichi, C., Tongiorgi, E., Some causes of the variation of theisotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in cave concretions. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 4 (1968), 321–324.
Gabrielli, P., Wegner, A., Petit, J.R., Delmonte, B., De Deckker, P., Gaspari, V., Fischer, H., Ruth, U., Kriews, M., Boutron, C., Cescon, P., Barbante, C., A major glacial-interglacial change in aeolian dust composition inferred from Rare Earth Elements in Antarctic ice. Quat. Sci. Rev. 29 (2010), 265–273.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ghaleb, B., Plagnes, V., Causse, Ch, Bakalowicz, M., Zouari, K., Chkir, N., Hellstrom, J., Wainer, K., Bourges, F., Timing and dynamics of the last deglaciation from European and North African δ 13C stalagmite profiles — comparison with Chinese and South Hemisphere stalagmites. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25 (2006), 2118–2142.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ouahdi, R., Gilmour, M., Baker, A., Jouzel, J., Van-Exter, S., Precise dating of Dansgaard-Oeschger climate oscillations in western Europe from stalagmite data. Nature 421 (2003), 833–837.
Genty, D., Quinif, Y., Annually laminated sequences in the internal structure of some Belgian stalagmites - importance for paleoclimatology. J. Sediment. Res. 66 (1996), 275–288.
Goede, A., McCulloch, M., McDermott, F., Hawkesworth, Ch.: aeolian contribution to strontium and strontium isotope variations in a Tasmanian speleothem. Chem. Geol. 149 (1998), 37–50.
Gonzales, L.A., Lohmann, K.C., Paleokarst, N.P., James, Choquette, P.W., (eds.) Controls on Mineralogy and Composition of Spelean Cabonates: Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, 1988, Springer-Verlag, N.Y, 81–101.
Gray, L.J, Beer, J., Geller, M., Haigh, J.D., Lockwood, M., Matthes, K., Cubasch, U. et al..: Solar influences on climate. Rev. Geophys. 48: RG4001, doi: 10.1029/2009RG000282.2010.
Gray, L.J., Scaife, A.A., Mitchell, D.M., Osprey, S., Ineson, S., Hardiman, S., Butchart, N., Knight, J., Sutton, R., Kodera, K., A lagged response to the 11 year solar cycle in observed winter Atlantic/European weather patterns. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 (2013), 13,405–13,420, 10.1002/2013JD020062.
Hatvani, I.G., Kern, Z., Leél-Őssy, S., Demény, A., Speleothem stable isotope records for east-central Europe: resampling sedimentary proxy records to obtain evenly spaced time series with spectral guidance. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10 (2018), 139–149 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-139-2018.
Hartland, A., Fairchild, I.J., Lead, J.R., Borsato, A., Baker, A., Frisia, S., Baalousha, M., From soil to cave: transport of trace metals by natural organic matter in dripwaters. Chem. Geol. 304 (2012), 68–82.
Hellstrom, J.C., McCulloch, M.T., Multi-proxy constraints on the climatic significance of trace element records from a New Zealand speleothem. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 179 (2000), 287–297.
Hendy, C.H., The isotopic geochemistry of speleothemseI the calculation of the effects of different modes of formation on the isotopic composition of speleothems and their applicability as palaeoclimatic indicators. Geochimica. Cosmochimica. Acta. 35 (1971), 801–824.
Huang, Y., Fairchild, I.J., Partitioning of Sr2+ and Mg2+ into calcite under karstanalogue experimental conditions. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 65(1), 2001, 4762.
Hori, M., Ishikawa, T., Nagaishi, K., Lin, K., Wang, B.S., You, C.F., Kano, A., Prior calcite precipitation and source mixing process influence Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr of a stalagmite developed in southwestern Japan during 18.0 4.5ka. Chem. Geol. 347 (2013), 190–198.
Ineson, S., Scaife, A.A., Knight, J.R., Manners, J.C., Dunstone, N.J., Gray, L.J., Haigh, J.D., Solar forcing of winter climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Nat. Geosci. 4 (2011), 753–757.
Johnsen, S.J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N., Steffensen, J.P., Clausen, H.B., Miller, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., Sveinbjörnsdottir, A.E., White, J., Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice-core stations: Camp Century, Dye-3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP. J. Quat. Sci. 16 (2001), 299–307.
Kern, A.K., Harzhauser, M., Piller, W.E., Mandic, O., Soliman, A., Strong evidence for the influence of solar cycles on a Late Miocene Lake system revealed by biotic and abiotic proxies. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. 329–330 (2012), 124–136.
Kodera, K., Solar cycle modulation of the North Atlantic oscillation: implication in the spatial structure of the NAO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(8), 2002.
Knudsen, M.F., Jacobsen, B.H., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Olsen, J., evidence for external forcing of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation since termination of the little ice age. Nat. Commun. Now., 5, 2014, 3323.
Langebroek, P.M., Werner, M., Lohmann, G., Climate information imprinted in oxygen-isotopic composition of precipitation in Europe. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 311 (2011), 144–154, 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.08.049.
Lachniet, M., Climatic and environmental controls on speleothem oxygen-isotope values. Quat. Sci. Rev. 28 (2009), 412–432.
Lane, C.S., Brauer, A., Blockley, S.P.E., Dulski, P., Volcanic ash reveals time-transgressive abrupt climate change during the Younger Dryas. Geology 41 (2013), 1251–1254.
LeGrande, A.N., Schmidt, G.A., Ensemble, water isotope– enabled, coupled general circulation modeling insights into the 8.2 ka event. Paleoceanography, 23, 2008, 10.1029/2008PA001610 PA3207.
Lockwood, M., Harrison, R.G., Woolings, T., Solanki, S.K., Are cold winters in Europe associated with low solar activity?. Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 2010.
Martín-Chivelet, J., Muñoz-García, M.B., Edwards, R.L., Turrero, M.J., Ortega, A.I., Land surface temperature changes in Northern Iberia since 4000yr BP, based on δ13C of speleothems. Global Planet. Change 77 (2011), 1–12.
Martin-Puertas, C., Matthes, K., Brauer, A., Muscheler, R., Hansen, F., Petrick, C., Aldahan, A., Possnert, G., van Geel, B., Regional atmospheric circulation shifts induced by a grand solar minimum. Nat. Geosci. 5 (2012), 397–401.
Magny, M., Holocene climatic variability as reflected by midEuropean lake-level fluctuations, and its probable impact on pre-historic human settlements. Quat. Int. 113 (2004), 65–80.
Mangini, A., Spotl, C., Verdes, P., Reconstruction of temperature in the Central Alps during the past 2000 yr from a d18O stalagmite record. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 235 (2005), 741–775.
Marx, S.K., McGowan, H.A., Kamber, B.S., Long-range dust transport from eastern Australia: a proxy for Holocene aridity and ENSO-induced climate variability. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 282 (2009), 167–177.
Marx, S.K., Kamber, B.S., McGowan, H.A., Denholm, J., Holocene dust deposition rates in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, record the interplay between aridity, position of the mid-latitude westerlies. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30 (2011), 3290–3305.
Martin-Puertas, C., Brauer, A., Dulski, P., Brademann, B., Testing climate-proxy stationarity throughout the Holocene: an example from the varved sediments of Lake Meerfelder Maar (Germany). Quat. Sci. Rev. 58 (2012), 56–65.
Mattey, D., Lowry, D., Duffet, J., Fisher, R., Hodge, E., Frisia, S., A 53 year seasonally resolved oxygen and carbon isotope record from a modern Gibraltar speleothem: reconstructed drip water and relationship to local precipitations. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 269 (2008), 80–95.
Mattey, D.P., Fairchild, I.J., Atkinson, T.C., Latin, J.P., Ainsworth, M., Durrell, R., Gibraltar and trace elements in modern speleothem from St Michaels Cave, Seasonal microclimate control of calcite fabrics, stable isotopes. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 336 (2010), 323–344.
Mayewski, P.A., Rohling, E.E., Stager, J.C., Karlen, W., Maasch, K.A., Meeker, L.D., Meyerson, E.A., Gasse, F., van Kreveld, S., Holmgren, K., Lee-Thorp, J., Rosqvist, G., Rack, F., Staubwasser, M., Schneider, R.R., Steig, E.J., Holocene climate variability. Quat. Res. (Tokyo) 62 (2004), 243–255.
Marshall, J.D., Lang, B., Crowely, S.F., Graham, P.W., Van Clasteren, P., Fischer, E.H., et al. Terrestrial impact of abrupt changes in the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation: early Holocene, UK. Geology 35 (2007), 639–642.
McDermott, F., Atkinson, T.C., Fairchild, I.J., Baldini, L.M., Mattey, D.P., A first evaluation of the spatial gradients in δ18O recorded by European Holocene speleothems. Global Planet. Change 79 (2011), 275–287.
McDermott, F., Palaeo-climate reconstruction from stable isotope variations in speleothems: a review. Quat. Sci. Rev. 23 (2004), 901–918.
McCracken, K.G., Beer, J., Steinhilber, F., Abreu, J., A phenomenological study of the cosmic ray variations over the past 9400 years, and their implications regarding solar activity and the solar dynamo. Sol. Phys. 286 (2013), 609–627.
McDonald, J., Drysdale, R., Hill, D., The 2002–2003 El Nino recorded in Australian cave drip waters: implications for reconstructing rainfall histories using stalagmites. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31:22 (2004), 1–4.
Mudelsee, M., TAUEST: a computer program for estimating persistence in unevenly spaced weather/climate time series. Comput. Geosci. 28 (2002), 69–72.
Munoz, A., Bartolome, M., Munoz, A., Sancho, C., Moreno, A., Hellstrom, J.C., Oscan, M.C., Cacho, I., Solar influence and hydrological variability during the Holocene from a speleothem annual record (Molinos Cave, NE Spain). Terra. Nova 27 (2015), 300–311.
Muraki, Y., Masuda, K., Nagaya, K., Wada, K., Miyahara, H., Solar variability and width of tree ring. Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans. 7 (2011), 395–401.
Neff, U., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Fleitmann, D., Matter, A., Strong coherence between solar variability and the monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 kyr ago. Nature 411 (2001), 290–293.
Niggemann, S., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Richter, D.K., Wurth, G., Sub-Milankovitch climatic cycles in Holocene stalagmites from Sauerland, Germany. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 216 (2003), 539–547.
O'Brien, S.R., Mayewski, P.A., Meeker, L.D., Meese, D.A., Twickler, M.S., Whitlow, S.I., complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland ice core. Science 270 (1995), 1962–1964.
Pearce, C., Seidenkrantz, M.-S., Kuijpers, A., Massé G., Reynisson, N.F., Kristiansen, S.M., Ocean lead at the termination of the Younger Dryas cold spell. Nat. Commun., 4, 2013, 1664.
Plunkett, G., Swindles, G.T., Determining the Sun's influence on Late Glacial and Holocene climates: a focus on climate response to centennial-scale solar forcing at 2800 cal. BP. Q.Sci. Rev. 27 (2008), 175–184.
Prasad, S., Brauer, A., Rein, B., Negendank, J.F.W., Rapid climate change during the early Holocene in western Europe and Greenland. Holocene 16 (2006), 153–158.
Perșoiu, A., Onac, P., Wynn, J.G., Blaauw, M., Ionita, M., Hansson, M., Holocene winter climate variability in central and eastern Europe. Sci. Rep., 7(1), 2017.
Rasmussen, S.O., Vinther, B.M., Clausen, H.B., Andersen, K.K., Early Holocene climate oscillations recorded in three Greenland ice cores. Quat. Sci. Rev. 26 (2007), 1907–1914.
Renssen, H., Goosse, H., Fichefet, T., Simulation of Holocene cooling events in a coupled climate model. Quat. Sci. Rev. 26 (2007), 2019–2026.
Rimbu, N., Lohmann, G., Lorenz, S.J., Kim, J.H., Schneider, R.R., Holocene climate variability as derived from alkenone sea surface temperature and coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments. Clim. Dynam. 23:2 (2004), 215–227.
Riotte, J., Chabaux, F., (234U/238U) activity ratios in freshwaters as tracers of hydrological processes: the Strengbach watershed (Vosges France). Geochim. Cosmoch Acta. 63 (1999), 1263–1275.
Schwarcz, H.P., Geochronology and isotope geochemistry in speleothems. Fritz, P., Fontes, J., (eds.) Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, 1986, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 271–303.
Shotyk, W., Weiss, D., Kramers, J.D., Frei, R., Cheburkin, A.K., Gloor, M., Reese, S., Geochemistry of the peat bog at Etang de la Gruère, Jura Mountains, Switzerland, and its record of atmospheric Pb and lithogenic trace metals (Sc, Ti, Y, Zr, and REE) since 12,370 14C yr BP. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001), 2337–2360.
Shotyk, W., Krachler, M., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Cheburkin, A.K., Emons, H., A peat bog record of natural, pre-anthropogenic enrichments of trace elements in atmospheric aerosols since 12370 14C yr BP, and their variation with Holocene climate change. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 199 (2002), 21–37.
Shopov, Y.Y., Ford, D.C., Schwarcz, H.P., Luminescent Microbanding in speleothems: high resolution chronology and paleoclimate. Geology 22 (1994), 407–410.
Shindell, D.T., Schmidt, G.A., Miller, R.L., Rind, D., Northern Hemisphere winter climate response to greenhouse gas, ozone, solar, and volcanic forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001), 7193–7210.
Shindell, D.T., Schmidt, G.A., Miller, R.L., Mann, M.E., Volcanic and solar forcing of climate change during the preindustrial era. J. Clim. 16 (2003), 4094–4107.
Scholz, D., Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Spötl, C., Fohlmeister, J., Mudelsee, M., Miorandi, R., Mangini, A., Holocene climate variability in north-eastern Italy: potential influence of the NAO and solar activity recorded by speleothem data. Clim. Past 8 (2012), 1367–1383 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1367-2012.
Schulz, M., Mudelsee, M., REDFIT: estimating red-noise spectra directly from unevenly spaced paleoclimatic time series. Comput. Geosci. 28 (2002), 421–426.
Smith, A.C., Wynn, P.M., Barker, P.A., Leng, M.J., Noble, S.R., Tych, W., North Atlantic forcing of moisture delivery to Europe throughout the Holocene. Sci. Rep., 6, 2016.
Solanki, S.K., Usoskin, I.G., Kromber, B., Schüssler, M., Beer, J., Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years. Nature 431 (2004), 1084–1087.
Soon, W., Velasco Herrera, V.M., Selvaraj, K.,W., Traversi, R., Usoskin, I., et al. A review of Holocene solar-linked climatic variation on centennial to millennial timescales: physical processes, interpretative frameworks and a new multiple cross-wavelet transform algorithm. Earth Sci. Rev. 134 (2014), 1–15.
Spangehl, T., Cubasch, U., Raible, C.C., Schimanke, S., Korper, J., Hofer, D., Transient climate simulations from the Maunder Minimum to present day: role of the stratosphere. J. Genocide Res 115:D00I10 (2010), 1–18, 10.1029/2009JD012358.
Steinhilber, F., Abreu, J.A., Beer, J., Brunner, I., Christl, M., et al. 9,400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity from ice cores and tree rings. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109:16 (2012), 5967–5971.
Stuiver, M., Grootes, P.M., Brazunias, T.F., The GISP2 climate record of the past 16,500 years and the role of the Sun, ocean and volcano. Quat. Res. 44 (1995), 341–354.
Thieblemont, R., Matthes, K., Omrani, N.-E., Kodera, K., Hansen, F., Solar forcing synchronizes North Atlantic climate variability. Nat. Commun., 6, 2015, 8268.
Thompson, L.G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Henderson, K.A., Brecher, H.H., Zagorodnov, V.S., Mashiotta, T.A., Lin, P.-N., Mikhalenko, V.N., Hardy, D.R., Beer, J., Ice core records: evidence of Holocene climate change in tropical Africa. Science 298 (2000), 589–593.
Tooth, A.F., Fairchild, I.J., Soil and karst aquifer hydrological controls on the geochemical evolution of speleothem-forming drip waters, Crag Cave, southwest Ireland. J. Hydrol. 273 (2003), 51–68.
Treble, P., Shelley, J.M.G., Chappell, J., Comparison of high resolution sub-annual 781 records of trace elements in a modern (1911-1992) speleothem with instrumental climate data 782 from southwest Australia. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 216 (2003), 141–153.
Treble, P.C., Fairchild, I.J., Baker, A., Meredith, K.M., Andersen, M.S., Salmon, S.U., Bradley, C., Wynn, P.M., Hankin, S., Wood, A., McGuire, E., Roles of bioproductivity, transpiration and fire in an eight-year record of cave dripwater chemistry from a forested catchment, southwest Australia. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 184 (2016), 132–150.
Tremaine, D.M., Froelich, P.N., Speleothem trace elemental signatures: a hydrologic geochemical study of modern cave dripwaters and farmed calcite. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 121 (2013), 522–545.
Tuner, T.E., Swindles, G.T., Charman, D.J., Langdon, P.G., Morris, P.J., Booth, R.K., Parry, L.E., Nicolas, J.E., Solar cycles or random processes? Evaluating solar variability in Holocene climate records. Sci. Rep., 6, 2016, 23961, 10.1038/srep23961.
Van Camp, M., Walraevens, K., Impact of precipitation trends and the North Atlantic Oscillation on phreatic water levels in Low Belgium. Geol. Belg. 16 (2013), 157–163.
Van Geel, B., Van Der Plicht, J., Kilian, M., Klaver, E., Kouwenberg, J., Renssen, H., Reynaud-Farrera, I., Waterbolk, H., The sharp rise of Delta C-14 ca. 800 cal BC: possible causes, related climatic teleconnections and the impact on human environments. Radiocarbon 40 (1996), 535–550.
Verheyden, S., Keppens, E., Fairchild, I.J., Mc Dermott, F., Weis, D., Sr isotope geochemistry of a Belgian Holocene speleothem: implications for paleoclimate reconstructions. Chem. Geol. 169 (2000), 131–144.
Verheyden, S., Baele, J.-M., Keppens, E., Genty, D., Cattani, O., Hai, C., Edwards, L., Hucai, Z., Van Strijdonck, M., Quinif, Y., The proserpine stalagmite (Han-sur-Lesse cave, Belgium): preliminary environmental interpretation of the last 1000 years as recorded in a layered speleothem. Geol. Belg. 9 (2006), 245–256.
Verheyden, S., Genty, D., Deflandre, G., Quinif, Y., Keppens, E., Monitoring climatological, hydrological and geochemical parameters in the Pere Noel cave (Belgium): implication for the interpretation of speleothem isotopic and geochemical time-series. Int. J. Speleol. 37 (2008), 221–234.
Verheyden, S., Keppens, E., Van Strydonck, M., Quinif, Y., The 8.2 ka event: is it registered in Belgian speleothems? Speleogenesis. Online.Int. Sci. J.(issue 12), 2012 http://www.speleogenesis.info/journal/.
Verheyden, S., Keppens, E., Quinif, Y., Cheng, H.J., Edwards, L.R., Late-glacial and Holocene climate reconstruction as inferred from a stalagmite – grotte du Pere Noel, Han-sur-Lesse, Belgium. Geol. Belg. 17 (2014), 83–89.
Von Grafenstein, U., Erlenkeuser, H., Brauer, A., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S.J., A mid-European decadal isotope-climate record from 15,500 to 5000 years B.P. Science 284 (1999), 1654–1657.
Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Kong, X., Shao, X., Chen, S., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Wang, X., An, Z., Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years. Nature 451 (2008), 1090–1093.
Wagner, Gerhard, Beer, J., Masarik, J., Muscheler, R., Kubik, P.W., Mende, W., Laj, C., Raisbeck, G.M., Yiou, F., Presence of the solar De Vries cycle (∼ 205 years) during the last ice age. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2001), 303–306.
Wanner, H., Bütikofer, J., Holocene Bond cycles: real or imaginary?. Geografie 113 (2008), 338–350.
Wanner, H., Beer, J., Butikofer, J., Crowley, T., Cubasch, U., Fluckiger, J., Goosse, H., Grosjean, M., Joos, F., Kaplan, J.O., Kuttel, M., Muller, S., Pentice, C., Solomina, O., Stocker, T., Tarasov, P., Wagner, M., Widmann, M., Mid to late Holocene climate change – an overview. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27 (2008), 1791–1828.
Wanner, H., Solomina, O., Grosjean, M., Ritz, S.P., Jetel, M., Structure and origin of Holocene cold events. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30 (2011), 3109–3123.
Wanner, H., Mercolli, L., Grosjean, M., Ritz, S.P., Holocene climate variability and change; a data-based review. J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 172 (2014), 254–263 1.
Wassenburg, J.A., Dietrich, S., Fietzke, J., Fohlmeister, J., Jochum, K.P., Scholz, D., Richter, D.K., Sabaoui, A., Spotl, C., Lohmann, G., Andreae, M.O., Immenhauser, A., Reorganization of the North Atlantic oscillation during early Holocene deglaciation. Nat. Geosci. 9 (2016), 602–605.
Woollings, T., Lockwood, M., Masato, G., Bell, C., Gray, L.J., Enhanced signature of solar variability in Eurasian winter climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 2010, 10.1029/2010GL044601 L20805.
Woollings, T., Franzke, C., Hodson, D.L.R., Dong, B., Barnes, E.A., Raible, C.C., Pinto, J.G., Contrasting interannual and multidecadal NAO variability. Clim. Dynam. 45 (2015), 539–556.
Wong, C.I., Banner, J.L., Musgrove, M., Seasonal dripwater Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca variations driven by cave ventilation: implications for and modeling of speleothem paleoclimate records. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 75:12 (2011), 3514–3529.
Wynn, P.M., Fairchild, I.J., Baker, A., Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Baldini, J., McDermott, F., Isotopic archives of sulphur in speleothems. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta 72 (2008), 2465–2477.
Zhou, H.Y., Feng, Y.X., Zhao, J.X., et al. Deglacial variations of Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratio recorded by a stalagmite from Central China and their association with past climate and environment. Chem. Geol. 268 (2009), 233–247.
Zhou, H.Y., Wang, Y., Huang, L.Y., et al. Speleothem Mg, Sr and Ba records during the MIS 5c-d, and implications for paleoclimate change in NE Sichuan, Central China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 56 (2011), 3445–3450.